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[Part V(21-25). 1880³â 7¿ù 3ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ß¸í¿Õ Åä¸Ó½º ¿¡µð½¼ÀÌ Ã¢°£ÇÑ À¯¼­±íÀº °úÇÐÀü¹®Áö Ú¸ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ Ã¢°£ 125 Áֳ⠱â³äÈ£¿¡¼­, Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ 125°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹®Á¦(big questions) Áß ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 25³â ¾È¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®¾î ³¾ ¡®°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 25°³(25 Big Questions)' ¼±Á¤, ÀÌÁß 21-25¹ø ¹®Á¦ ¼Ò°³(The Top 25 Essays by our news staff on 25 big questions facing science over the next quarter-century. 21. ¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper Principles Underlie Quantum Uncertainty and Nonlocality?), 22. È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an Effective HIV Vaccine Feasible?), 23. ¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the Greenhouse World Be?), 24. °ª½Ñ ¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace Cheap Oil--and When?), 25. Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ¶ó´ø ¸È¼­½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus Continue to Be Wrong?)(07/Oct/2005)]

µå³ÐÀº ¿ìÁÖ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀηùÀÇ È£±â½É°ú ±Ã±ÝÁõÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ¼ö¼ö²²³¢µéÀº µµÃ³¿¡ ³Î·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àηùź»ý ÀÌ·¡ °úÇÐÀº ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ¹ßÀüÇØ¿ÔÁö¸¸, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ½Åºñ¸¦ ¹þ°Ü³»´Â °ÉÀ½Àº ´À¸®±â¸¸ ÇÏ´Ù. 1880³â 7¿ù 3ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ß¸í¿Õ Åä¸Ó½º ¿¡µð½¼ÀÌ Ã¢°£ÇÑ À¯¼­ ±íÀº °úÇÐÀü¹®Áö ¡®»çÀ̾ð½º(Science)¡¯´Â 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏ ¹ß°£µÈ â°£ 125Áֳ⠱â³äÈ£¿¡¼­ ¡®Àηù°¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 125°³¡¯¸¦ ¼±Á¤ÇÏ¿© ÀÌÁß ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 25³â ¾È¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®¾î ³¾ '°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 25°³(25 Big Questions)'¸¦ ¼±Á¤ Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. »çÀ̾𽺴 ¡°ÀÌ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢µéÀº °úÇÐÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÁøÀüÀ» ÀÌ·ð´ÂÁö º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¹ß°ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿·ÂÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±¸é¼­ ¡°25³â ¾È¿¡ Ç®¾î³¾ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Àְųª ±× ÇØ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í¡±À̶ó°í ³»´ÙºÃ´Ù. ¿À´ÃÀº ÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä ³»¿ëÀ» »ìÆìº¸´Âµ¥ ±×°£ ¹è¿î Á¦ Áö½Ä°ú °æÇèÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äµµ Á¦½ÃÇØº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² °ÍÀº Á¾±³Ã¶ÇÐÀ¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇϰÚÁö¸¸...¹°·Ð ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸ÂÀ» Áö ¸ð¸£°ÚÁö¸¸...

À̹ø 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö´Â [Vol 309, Issue 5731] È£·Î 75ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡¼­ 102ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ °ÉÃÄ 25°³ÀÇ Big QuestionsÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¹«·á·Î ÀϹݿ¡°Ô °ø°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Çѹø µé¾î°¡¼­ º» ³»¿ëÀ» È®ÀÎÇØº¸¶ó. ÀÌ 25°¡ÁöÀÇ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¸¦ Ǫ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù·Î ³ëº§»ó È帰¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÃÑ Part I-V±îÁö 5°³¾¿ ¼Ò°³ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ±â´ëÇϽöó!!!
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[¸ñÂ÷]

[Part I]
 

1.

¿ìÁÖ´Â ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁ³³ª?(What Is the Universe Made Of?)

2.

ÀǽÄÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ±â¹ÝÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Is the Biological Basis of Consciousness?)

3.

Àΰ£ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ ¼ö°¡ ¿¹»óº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀûÀº ÀÌÀ¯´Â?(Why Do Humans Have So Few Genes?)

4.

°³ÀÎÀÇ °Ç°­Àº À¯Àüº¯ÀÌ¿Í ¾ó¸¶³ª °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ³ª?(To What Extent Are Genetic Variation and Personal Health Linked?)

5.

¹°¸®ÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ýÄ¢µéÀº Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(Can the Laws of Physics Be Unified?)

[Part II]
 

6.

Àΰ£ ¼ö¸íÀº ¾îµð±îÁö ¿¬ÀåÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?(How Much Can Human Life Span Be Extended?)

7.

±â°ü/Á¶Á÷ Àç»ýÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Controls Organ Regeneration?)

8.

ÇǺΠ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷·Î Àüȯ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Çö´ëÆÇ ¿¬±Ý¼úÀÇ ºñ°áÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(How Can a Skin Cell Become a Nerve Cell?)

9.

´Ü¼øÇÑ Ã¼¼¼Æ÷ Çϳª°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ½Ä¹°·Î ÀÚ¶ó³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(How Does a Single Somatic Cell Become a Whole Plant?)

10.

Áö±¸ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­´Â ¾î¶² ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀϾ³ª?(How Does Earth's Interior Work?)

[Part III]
 

11.

Áö±¸ ¹Û ¿ìÁÖ¿¡´Â Àΰ£ ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ »ý¸íü°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î?(Are We Alone in the Universe?)

12.

Áö±¸»ó ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­, ¾î¶»°Ô ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ý¸íü°¡ ź»ýÇßÀ»±î?(How and Where Did Life on Earth Arise?)

13.

»ý¹° Á¾(ðú)ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿äÀÎÀº?(What Determines Species Diversity?)

14.

¾î¶² À¯ÀüÀû º¯È­°¡ Àΰ£À» µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ »ý¸íü·Î ¸¸µé¾ú³ª?(What Genetic Changes Made Us Uniquely Human?)

15.

±â¾ïÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ÀúÀåµÇ°í ÃßÃâµÇ³ª?(How Are Memories Stored and Retrieved?)

[Part IV]
 

16.

ÀηùÀÇ ¡®Çù·ÂÀûÀÎ Çൿ¡¯Àº ¾î¶»°Ô ÁøÈ­ÇؿԳª?(How Did Cooperative Behavior Evolve?)

17.

°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº À¯ÀüÀÚ Áöµµ °°Àº »ý¹°ÇÐ µ¥ÀÌÅÍÀÇ È«¼ö ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô °Å´ëÇÑ ±×¸²(»ý¸íÀÇ º»Áú)À» ±×·Á³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡?(How Will Big Pictures Emerge From a Sea of Biological Data?)

18.

Àΰ£ÀÌ ºÐÀÚ¿Í ¿øÀÚ¸¦ Á¶¸³ÇØ »ý¸íü¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(How Far Can We Push Chemical Self-Assembly?)

19.

ÀüÅëÀû ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ÇѰè´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Are the Limits of Conventional Computing?)

20.

Àΰ£Àº ¸é¿ª ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ³ª?(Can We Selectively Shut Off Immune Responses?)

[Part V]
 

21.

¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper Principles Underlie Quantum Uncertainty and Nonlocality?)

22.

È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an Effective HIV Vaccine Feasible?)

23.

¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the Greenhouse World Be?)

24.

¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace Cheap Oil--and When?)

25.

Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ¶ó´ø ¸È¼­½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus Continue to Be Wrong?)

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[Part V]

21. ¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper Principles Underlie Quantum Uncertainty and Nonlocality?)

[¿ä¾à] ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °ø½ÄÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô º¸µç °£¿¡ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº ¹Ì½Ã °´Ã¼µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á÷°üÀû Áö½ÄÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾î´À ³¯Àΰ¡ ¾ÆÀν¬Å¸ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý "½ÅÀº ÁÖ»çÀ§ ³îÀ̸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù"¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ ÀÌ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÀ» ¶Ù¾î ³Ñ¾î »õ·Î¿î ¹ýÄ¢À» ã±â¸¦ Èñ¸ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(No matter how you look at the equations of quantum theory, they allow a tiny object to behave in ways that defy intuition. Scientists are hoping to someday get beyond the discomfort that led Einstein to declare that "[God] does not play dice.")

"¾çÀÚ¿ªÇÐÀº ¸Å¿ì ÀλóÀûÀÌ´Ù."¶ó°í Albert EinsteinÀº 1926³â¿¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ½è´Ù. "±×·¯³ª ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â ¼Ò¸®´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô ±× ½Çü°¡ Á¤¸» ½Çü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ¸»À» ÇÑ´Ù." ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¼ö³â°£ ¼º¼÷µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸®µéµµ Á¡Á¡ Á¶¿ëÇØÁö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ »ç½ÇÀº Á¶¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ Äª¼Û ¾Æ·¡¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ¿õ¼º°Å¸²ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù("Quantum mechanics is very impressive," Albert Einstein wrote in 1926. "But an inner voice tells me that it is not yet the real thing." As quantum theory matured over the years, that voice has gotten quieter--but it has not been silenced. There is a relentless murmur of confusion underneath the chorus of praise for quantum theory).

¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº 19¼¼±â ¸»¿¡ ŵ¿ÇÏ¿© °ð Çö´ë¹°¸®ÇÐÀÇ ±âµÕÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº ¼­¼úÇϱ⸦, ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î Á¤È®ÇÏ°í ±â¹¦Çϸç Á÷°ü¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ¾îÁ¶·Î ÀÌµé ¹Ì½Ã¼¼°èÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ¼­¼úÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ¹Ì½Ã¼¼°èÀÇ ¿øÀÚ¿Í ÀüÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ±Ø¹Ì¼¼ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¿øÀÚÇÙ ¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¹Ì¸³ÀÚµéÀ» ¼­¼úÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º°øÀº °íÅëÀÇ ´ñ°¡¸¦ Ä¡·ç¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¾çÀÚ¿ªÇÐÀÇ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀº Àß ³ª°¡°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀϹÝÀε鿡°Ô »ó½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¼­Áö´Â ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Quantum theory was born at the very end of the 19th century and soon became one of the pillars of modern physics. It describes, with incredible precision, the bizarre and counterintuitive behavior of the very small: atoms and electrons and other wee beasties of the submicroscopic world. But that success came with the price of discomfort. The equations of quantum mechanics work very well; they just don't seem to make sense).

¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °ø½ÄÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô º¸µç °£¿¡ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº ¹Ì½Ã °´Ã¼µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á÷°üÀû Áö½ÄÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ÇϳªÀÇ °´Ã¼´Â °ãÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(ÃÊÀ§Ä¡, superposition)´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï µ¿½Ã¿¡ µÎ °³ÀÇ ¹èŸÀû(ÛÉöâîÜ)ÀÎ ¼Ó¼ºÀ» °®´Â´Ù. À̸¦ À̻꼺(ìÆß¤àõ) ¶Ç´Â ºñ¿¬¼Ó¼ºÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀº, ¿©·¯ºÐµéÀÌ ¿øÀÚ¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ, ±×¸®°í ¿øÀÚ¸¦ °üÂûÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ(°üÂûÇϸé ÀÌ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿À°¨Áß½ÉÀû °üÂûÀ̹ǷΠ¾çÀÚ¿ªÇÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °íÀü¿ªÇÐÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÌµé ¾çÀÚµéÀº ¿¬¼Ó¼ºÀÇ ¾ç¸³¼º(Õר¡àõ)ÀÌ µÇ¾î Á¤ÁöµÇ¾î º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù), ÇϳªÀÇ ¿øÀÚ´Â °ÅÀÇ °°Àº °Å¸®¿¡¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ¹Ú½º ¿ÞÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ¿À¸¥ ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÀÌµé ¿ÞÂʰú ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿øÀÚÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇϸé ÀÌ ¶§ ÃÊÀ§Ä¡°¡ ºØ±«(collapse)µÇ¾î ¿øÀÚ´Â Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ÞÂÊÀÌ´øÁö ¿À¸¥ÂÊÀÌ´øÁö¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù(No matter how you look at the equations of quantum theory, they allow a tiny object to behave in ways that defy intuition. For example, such an object can be in "superposition": It can have two mutually exclusive properties at the same time. The mathematics of quantum theory says that an atom, for example, can be on the left side of a box and the right side of the box at the very same instant, as long as the atom is undisturbed and unobserved. But as soon as an observer opens the box and tries to spot where the atom is, the superposition collapses and the atom instantly "chooses" whether to be on the right or the left).

ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº 80³â Àü¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ¾ÆÁ÷ È®Á¤ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Erwin Schrodinger´Â À̸¦ ¹ÝÀº »ì¾ÆÀÖ°í ¹ÝÀº Á×Àº °í¾çÀ̷ΠǥÇöÇß´Ù. À̸¦ SchroedingerÀÇ ÇÙ °í¾çÀÌ(Nuclear Cat)¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.  ½ÇÁ¦·Î °üÂûÇϱâ Àü±îÁö´Â °í¾çÀ̰¡ »ì¾Æ ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í Á×¾î ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. È®·üÀº 50:50ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº "Á¸Àç(is)"ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ º¯È­ ½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÅë ¼¼°è¿¡¼­´Â ÇϳªÀÇ °´Ã¼´Â °íüÀûÀÎ ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼³»ç °¡½ºÀÇ ±¸¸§Ãþµµ ´ç±¸°ø°°Àº ¼ö¸¹Àº µüµüÇÑ ¹æ¿ï·Î ¼³¸íµÇ¾îÁø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé °íüÀûÀÎ ¹æ¿ïµéÀº Á¤È®ÇÑ À§Ä¡¿Í ¼Óµµ¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À§Ä¡¿Í ¼Óµµ¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾çÀÚÀ̷п¡¼­´Â ÀÌµé °íüÀûÀÎ ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ±× À¯¸íÇÑ º£¸£³Ê ÇÏÀÌÁ¨º£¸£Å©ÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼ºÀÇ ¿ø¸®(Uncertainty Principle)´Â ¾çÀÚÀÌ·Ð ¼öÇп¡¼­ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀε¥, ¸»Çϱ⸦ »ç¹°ÀÇ À§Ä¡¿Í ¿îµ¿·®(Áú·® x ¼Óµµ)Àº ³Ê¹« ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏ¿©, À§Ä¡¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ¸é ¿îµ¿·®À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ¿îµ¿·®À» Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇϰíÀÚ Çϸé ÀÌ¹Ì ±× ¿øÀÚÀÇ À§Ä¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î À§Ä¡¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±× ÇÑ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÃøÁ¤ °ªÀº Á¤È®ÇÑ °ªÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏ¸é ¾çÀÚ¿ªÇп¡¼­´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² ¾çÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿©µµ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ °ªÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁø´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ´ÜÁö °°Àº »óÅ¿¡¼­ °°Àº ÃøÁ¤À» ¸¹ÀÌ µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÒ ¶§ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ °ªÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁö´Â È®·üÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¯ »ÓÀÌ´Ù(This idea is almost as unsettling today as it was 80 years ago, when Erwin Schrodinger ridiculed superposition by describing a half living, half-dead cat. That is because quantum theory changes what the meaning of "is" is. In the classical world, an object has a solid reality: Even a cloud of gas is well described by hard little billiard ball-like pieces, each of which has a well-defined position and velocity. Quantum theory seems to undermine that solid reality. Indeed, the famous Uncertainty Principle, which arises directly from the mathematics of quantum theory, says that objects' positions and momenta are smeary and ill defined, and gaining knowledge about one implies losing knowledge about the other).

Ãʱ⠾çÀÚ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ºñ½ÇÁ¦¼º(unreality)À» ´Ù·ç¾ú´Âµ¥ Áï Á¸Àç(is)´Â - ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °ø½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çڵ鸵µÇ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °´Ã¼µé - ¿ÜºÎ¿¡ µé¾î³ª´Â ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ °®´Â ½ÇÁ¦ Ȱµ¿ÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÑ °üÂûÀÚ°¡ ÇϳªÀÇ ÃøÁ¤À» ½ÃµµÇÒ ¶§¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦(real)·Î º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ È®·ü ÆÄÀå(probability waves)¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̸¦ ¼ÒÀ§ "ÄÚÆæÇÏ°Õ ÇØ¼®(Copenhagen Interpretation)"À̶ó Çϴµ¥, ¸¸¾à ¿©·¯ºÐµéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦´Â °íü¼ºÀÇ °´Ã¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó È®À² ÆÄÀåÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦¶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¶§ ÀÌ ÄÚÆÒÇÏ°Õ ÇØ¼®Àº Àǹ̸¦ °®°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌ ÄÚÆæÇÏ°Õ ÇØ¼®Àº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¹ýÄ¢À» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¼³¸íÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí Àִµ¥, ±×°Ô ¹Ù·Î ºñ±¹Áö¼º(ÆíÀ缺, nonlocality)ÀÌ´Ù(The early quantum physicists dealt with this unreality by saying that the "is"--the fundamental objects handled by the equations of quantum theory--were not actually particles that had an extrinsic reality but "probability waves" that merely had the capability of becoming "real" when an observer makes a measurement. This so-called Copenhagen Interpretation makes sense, if you're willing to accept that reality is probability waves and not solid objects. Even so, it still doesn't sufficiently explain another weirdness of quantum theory: nonlocality).

[±×¸² : CREDIT: RIMMA GERLOVINA AND VALERIY GERLOVIN "TWO EGGS" ? 2002, C-PRINT. COURTESY ROBERT BROWN GALLERY, WASHINGTON, D.C. Ãâó : Science]

1935³â¿¡ ¾ÆÀν¬Å¸ÀÎÀº ÀÏ¹Ý »ó½ÄÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¸¦ ¶° ¿Ã·È´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ç°í ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ µÎ °³ÀÇ ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ¼­·Î ¶³¾îÁ® ³¯´Ù°¡(ºñÇàÇÏ´Ù°¡) ÀºÇϰèÀÇ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¹Ý´ëÆí ³¡¿¡¼­ ºñÇàÀ» ¸¶Ä£´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̶§ µÎ °³ÀÇ ÀÔÀÚµéÀº ¾ôÈû(entangled) Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ´Âµ¥ - ¾çÀÚ¿ªÇÐ Àǹ̷Π¿¬°áµÈ - ±×·¡¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÔÀÚ´Â ¼­·Î ½ÖµÕÀÌÀÎ °Íó·³ ´À³¢°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÔÀÚ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¸é ´Ù¸¥ ÀÔÀÚ´Â Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤µÈ ÀÔÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¯ÇüÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¸¶Ä¡ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ±¤ÇÒÇÑ Áö¿ªÀ» ³Ñ¾î ½ÖµÕÀÌ ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ¼­·Î Åë½ÅÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º, nonlocality)À̶ó Çϴµ¥, ¾çÀÚÀÌ·Ð ¼öÇÐÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ¸ç ½ÇÁ¦ ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼­ ÁõºùµÇ±âµµ Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ È°µ¿Àº °Å¸®(distance)¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏ°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ½Ã°£ÀÇ È帧À» ¹«½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÔÀÚµéÀº ½ÇÁ¦ ¾ôÈû Çö»óÀÌ ÃøÁ¤µÈ ÈÄ¿¡ ¾ôÈ÷°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(In 1935, Einstein came up with a scenario that still defies common sense. In his thought experiment, two particles fly away from each other and wind up at opposite ends of the galaxy. But the two particles happen to be "entangled"--linked in a quantum-mechanical sense--so that one particle instantly "feels" what happens to its twin. Measure one, and the other is instantly transformed by that measurement as well; it's as if the twins mystically communicate, instantly, over vast regions of space. This "nonlocality" is a mathematical consequence of quantum theory and has been measured in the lab. The spooky action apparently ignores distance and the flow of time; in theory, particles can be entangled after their entanglement has already been measured).

±×·¯³ª ¾î´À ÇÑ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ º¸¸é ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÔÀº ÀüÇô ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¼öÇÐÀû ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿öÅ©´Â ±×·² µíÇϰí ÀÌ ±â¹¦ÇÑ ¸ðµç Çö»óÀ» ¼­¼úÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ø½Ä¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é ¾î¶»°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀΰ¡? ±×·¡¼­ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì "ÀÔ ´ÚÄ¡°í °è»êÀ̳ª Ç϶ó" ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù(On one level, the weirdness of quantum theory isn't a problem at all. The mathematical framework is sound and describes all these bizarre phenomena well. If we humans can't imagine a physical reality that corresponds to our equations, so what? That attitude has been called the "shut up and calculate" interpretation of quantum mechanics. But to others, our difficulties in wrapping our heads around quantum theory hint at greater truths yet to be understood).

µÎ ¹øÂ° ±×·ìÀÇ ¸î ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ ÇÙ½ÉÀ» Ç®±â À§ÇØ ½ÇÇè µðÀÚÀο¡ ¿­ÁßÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾çÀÚ ÃÊÀ§Ä¡(superpositions)·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ºØ±«½ÃŰ´ÂÁö Å×½ºÆ®¸¦ ½Ç½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¾çÀÚÀ̷п¡¼­ ÃøÁ¤ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» ÁÙ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿Ö Ä¿´Ù¶õ °Å½Ã¼¼°è¿Í ¹Ì½Ã¼¼°è°¡ ¿Ö ´Ù¸¥Áö¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾çÀÚÀ̷аú °ü·ÃµÈ ¸¹Àº À̷еé, ÃÊÀ§Ä¡, ¾ôÈû,  ¹× ´Ù¸¥ Çö»óµéÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ë·ÂµéÀº ¾î´À³¯Àΰ¡ ¾ÆÀν¬Å¸ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý "½ÅÀº ÁÖ»çÀ§ ³îÀ̸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù"¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ ÀÌ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÀ» ¶Ù¾î ³Ñ¾î »õ·Î¿î ¹ýÄ¢À» ã°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Some physicists in the second group are busy trying to design experiments that can get to the heart of the weirdness of quantum theory. They are slowly testing what causes quantum superpositions to "collapse"--research that may gain insight into the role of measurement in quantum theory as well as into why big objects behave so differently from small ones. Others are looking for ways to test various explanations for the weirdnesses of quantum theory, such as the "many worlds" interpretation, which explains superposition, entanglement, and other quantum phenomena by positing the existence of parallel universes. Through such efforts, scientists might hope to get beyond the discomfort that led Einstein to declare that "[God] does not play dice.")

22. È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an Effective HIV Vaccine Feasible?)

[¿ä¾à] ¿¡ÀÌÁî(AIDS, ÈÄõ¼º¸é¿ª°áÇÌÁõ, ý­ô¸àõØóæ¹ÌÀù¹ñø, Acquired immune deficiency syndrome) ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¿¡ÀÌÁ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus) ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÀÇ ³»ºÎ¸¦ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î³»°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´ÂÁö Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ À̵éÀº ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º Àü¿°À» ¸·¾ÆÁÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹é½Å ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº Á¶¸¸°£ À̸¦ ÇØ°áÇÒ È®°íÇÑ ½Ç¸¶¸®¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù(Although AIDS researchers have turned HIV inside out and carefully detailed how it destroys the immune system, they have yet to unravel which immune responses can fend off an infection. Yet AIDS vaccine researchers have solid reasons to believe they can succeed).

Áö³­ 20³â°£ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀÌ AIDSÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î HIV¸¦ ¹àÇô³½ ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¿ª»ç»ó ¾î¶² ¹é½Åº¸´Ùµµ ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹é½ÅÀ» ã´Âµ¥ »ó´çÇÑ ±Ý¾×ÀÌ ÅõÀÚµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¸³º¸°Ç¿ø¸¸ º¸´õ¶óµµ ¸Å³â 5¾ï ´Þ·¯¸¦ ÅõÀÚÇϰí ÀÖ°í, ±× °á°ú 50¿© °¡ÁöÀÇ ¹é½ÅµéÀÌ ÀÓ»ó½ÇÇè¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸Å³â ¼ö¹é¸¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ »õ·Î¿î HIV Àü¿°À» ¿¹¹æÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ AIDS ¹é½ÅÀÇ °³¹ßÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ä¿øÇÑ ²Þ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù(In the 2 decades since researchers identified HIV as the cause of AIDS, more money has been spent on the search for a vaccine against the virus than on any vaccine effort in history. The U.S. National Institutes of Health alone invests nearly $500 million each year, and more than 50 different preparations have entered clinical trials. Yet an effective AIDS vaccine, which potentially could thwart millions of new HIV infections each year, remains a distant dream).

¿¡ÀÌÁî ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¿¡ÀÌÁ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus) ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÀÇ ³»ºÎ¸¦ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î³»°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´ÂÁö Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ À̵éÀº ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º Àü¿°À» ¸·¾ÆÁÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇϴ°¡ Çϸé, ÇÑ °¡ÁöÀÇ AIDS ¹é½ÅÀ» °³¹ßÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì 10³â Àü¿¡µµ À¯¸íÇØÁ³Áö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌ ¿¡ÀÌÁî ºÐ¾ß´Â "³ªÄ§¹Ý ¾øÀÌ Ç¥·ùÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù"(Although AIDS researchers have turned the virus inside-out and carefully detailed how it destroys the immune system, they have yet to unravel which immune responses can fend off an infection. That means, as one AIDS vaccine researcher famously put it more than a decade ago, the field is "flying without a compass.")

¸î¸î ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀº HIV¸¦ ¸·¾ÆÁÙ ¹é½ÅÀº ¾ø´Ù´Âµ¥ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. À̵éÀº ±× ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º´Â ³Ê¹« ºü¸£°Ô Àڱ⺹Á¦¸¦ ÇÏ°í º¹Á¦½Ã ³Ê¹« ¸¹Àº ¹Ì½ºÅ×ÀÌÅ©(½Ç¼ö)¸¦ ¹üÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾î¶² ¹é½Åµµ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ HIV¸¦ ¸·À» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ HIV ½º½º·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª °ø°ÝÀ» ÇÇÇÒ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» °³¹ßÇϰí Àִµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é À̵é HIV´Â Ç¥¸é ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ´çÀ¸·Î À§ÀåÇÏ¿© Ç×ü·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Ãë¾àÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» ¼û±â°í ´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷ Àü»ç(±º´ë)µéÀÇ »ý»êÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» »ý»êÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀº ÁöÀûÇϱ⸦ ¹é½Å °³¹ßÀÚµéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î Áغñ¸¦ ÇÏ´Â HIV¿Í °°Àº º´¿ø±Õ¿¡ ´ëÇØ º°´Ù¸¥ ¼º°ú¸¦ °ÅµÎÁö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¸»¶ó¸®¾Æ ±â»ýÃæ, °£¿° C ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º, °áÇÙ ¼¼±Õ µîÀ» ±× ÁÖ¿ä ¿¹·Î µé°í ÀÖ´Ù(Some skeptics contend that no vaccine will ever stop HIV. They argue that the virus replicates so quickly and makes so many mistakes during the process that vaccines can't possibly fend off all the types of HIV that exist. HIV also has developed sophisticated mechanisms to dodge immune attack, shrouding its surface protein in sugars to hide vulnerable sites from antibodies and producing proteins that thwart production of other immune warriors. And the skeptics point out that vaccine developers have had little success against pathogens like HIV that routinely outwit the immune system--the malaria parasite, hepatitis C virus, and the tuberculosis bacillus are prime examples).

ÇÏÁö¸¸ AIDS ¹é½Å ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¹é½Å °³¹ß¿¡ ¼º°øÇÒ È®°íÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ø¼þÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀº ¹é½ÅµéÀÌ HIVÀÇ ¿ø¼þÀÌ »çÃ̰ÝÀÎ SIV·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¿¹°µéÀ» º¸È£Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ ¿¬±¸µéÀº HIV¿¡ ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÃâµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Å¿øÀ» ÆÄ¾ÇÇߴµ¥ À̵éÀº ÀüÇô ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ Àü¿°ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ̸ç, ÀÌ´Â ºÐ¸í Àΰ£¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÌ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ ÁßÁö½Ãų ¹«¾ð°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ï½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ µé Áß ¼Ò¼ö´Â ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ Àü¿°µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ °áÄÚ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Áõ»óÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ º¸À¯ÇÑ ¸î¸î »ç¶÷µé(º¸±ÕÀÚ)Àº ±×µéÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÔ±â Àü 10³â ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹öƼ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¸î¸î Ç×üµéÀº Æ©ºê ½ÇÇè Å×½ºÆ®¿¡¼­ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸Å¿ì °­·ÂÇÑ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Çµµ ¹àÇô ³½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Yet AIDS vaccine researchers have solid reasons to believe they can succeed. Monkey experiments have shown that vaccines can protect animals from SIV, a simian relative of HIV. Several studies have identified people who repeatedly expose themselves to HIV but remain uninfected, suggesting that something is stopping the virus. A small percentage of people who do become infected never seem to suffer any harm, and others hold the virus at bay for a decade or more before showing damage to their immune systems. Scientists also have found that some rare antibodies do work powerfully against the virus in test tube experiments).

óÀ½¿¡ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº HIV Ç¥¸é ´Ü¹éÁú¿¡ Ç×ü »ý»êÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¹é½ÅÀ» µðÀÚÀÎÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ âÃâÇØ³Â´Ù. ÀÌ Á¢±ÙÀº ¸Å¿ì Èñ¸ÁÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¿´´Âµ¥ ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â HIV´Â Ç¥¸é ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹éÇ÷±¸°¡ µé¾î¿ÀÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ºøÀåÀ» °É¾î Àá±×°í Àü¿°À» ÆÛ¶ß¸®±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿À·ÎÁö HIV Ç¥¸é ´Ü¹éÁú¸¸À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¹é½ÅµéÀº µ¿¹°µé°ú Æ©ºêÅ×½ºÆ®¿¡¼­ º° È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾î º¸¿´À¸¸ç ´ë´ÜÀ§ ÀÓ»ó½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ º° °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÁõºùµÇ¾ú´Ù(At the start, researchers pinned their hopes on vaccines designed to trigger production of antibodies against HIV's surface protein. The approach seemed promising because HIV uses the surface protein to latch onto white blood cells and establish an infection. But vaccines that only contained HIV's surface protein looked lackluster in animal and test tube studies, and then proved worthless in large-scale clinical trials).

[±×¸² : CREDIT: REUTERS/CORBIS. Ãâó : Science]

±×·¯¹Ç·Î Áö±Ý ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ´Ù¸¥ Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â Á¢±ÙÀ» Á¶»ç ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. HIV°¡ Ç×ü¸¦ ¹æÇØÇϰí Àü¿°Åë·Î¸¦ ¿­¶§, ¹éÇ÷±¸ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ µÎ ¹øÂ° ¹æ¾î ±º´ëÀÎ ¸é¿ª¼¼Æ÷(cellular immunity)·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Ưº°È÷ HIV°¡ Àü¿°µÈ ¼¼Æ÷µéÀ» Ç¥ÀûÇÏ¿© Á¦°ÅÅä·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸î¸î ¹é½ÅµéÀÌ Áö±Ý ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÆøÇ³ÀÇ ±º´ëÀΠų·¯ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷(killer immune cells)µéÀÇ »ý»êÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Å×½ºÆ® ÁßÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷µé¿¡´Â ¿©·¯ Á¾·ù°¡ Àִµ¥, ¸Ô¾î Ä¡¿ì´Â ´ë½Ä¼¼Æ÷(macrophages), È­Çи޽ÅÀú ¸é¿ª¹°ÁúÀÎ »çÀÌÅäÄ«ÀÎ(cytokines), ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¿¬»ìÇØ¼¼Æ÷(natural killer cells) µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù(Now, researchers are intensely investigating other approaches. When HIV manages to thwart antibodies and establish an infection, a second line of defense, cellular immunity, specifically targets and eliminates HIV-infected cells. Several vaccines which are now being tested aim to stimulate production of killer cells, the storm troopers of the cellular immune system. But cellular immunity involves other players--such as macrophages, the network of chemical messengers called cytokines, and so-called natural killer cells--that have received scant attention).

Ç×ü º£À̽ºÀÇ ¹é½Å ¶ÇÇÑ Àü¼º±â¸¦ ÇâÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº »ç½Ç»ó µÚ·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. Áï, HIVÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÎ Ç׿ø(antigens)À» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ À̵éÀÌ À̲ø¾î³»´Â Ç×ü¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº Æ©ºê Å×½ºÆ® ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ Àü¿°µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ HIV Àü¿°À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÈ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ 12°¡Áö ÀÌ»óÀÇ Ç×ü¸¦ ºÐ¸®Çس´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¶¸¸°£ ¾î¶² ƯÁ¤ Ç׿øµéÀÌ Ç×ü »ý»êÀ» µ¶·ÁÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(The hunt for an antibody-based vaccine also is going through something of a renaissance, although it's requiring researchers to think backward. Vaccine researchers typically start with antigens--in this case, pieces of HIV--and then evaluate the antibodies they elicit. But now researchers have isolated more than a dozen antibodies from infected people that have blocked HIV infection in test tube experiments. The trick will be to figure out which specific antigens triggered their production).

ÇöÀç °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ½ÃµµµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö Àü·«Àº AIDS ¹é½ÅÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Ç×üÀÇ »ý»ê»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ »ý»ê±îÁö ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÁÖ¿ä ÇÙ½ÉÀº HIV °¡ Ưº°È÷ ħÅõÇÏ´Â Á¡¾× Ç¥¸é¿¡¼­ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾Æ¹«µµ ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖ´Â ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀ(an immune response)À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´äÀº ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀû º¯ÀÌ»çÀÌÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú¸¦ º¸¸é HIV Àü¿°À̳ª º´¿¡ °¡Àå °É¸®±â ½¬¿î »ç¶÷À̳ª À̵鿡 °¡Àå °­·ÂÇÑ ÀúÇ×·ÂÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ °­ÇÏ°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(It could well be that a successful AIDS vaccine will need to stimulate both the production of antibodies and cellular immunity, a strategy many are attempting to exploit. Perhaps the key will be stimulating immunity at mucosal surfaces, where HIV typically enters. It's even possible that researchers will discover an immune response that no one knows about today. Or perhaps the answer lies in the interplay between the immune system and human genetic variability: Studies have highlighted genes that strongly influence who is most susceptible--and who is most resistant--to HIV infection and disease).

¾îµð¿¡ ´äÀÌ ÀÖ´øÁö ÅëÂû·ÂÀº ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ ½±°Ô ±¼º¹ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¼ö¹é¸¸ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ¾Ñ¾Æ°¡´Â HIV¿Í °°Àº Áúº´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹é½ÅÀÇ °³¹ß¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Áúº´À» À§ÇØ ¹é½ÅÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ´Â °³¹ßÀÚµéÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ´äÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ °÷µµ »ìÆìº¼ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹é½Å ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ Áöµµ´Â ¸é¿ª ·ÎÁ÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ ¿µ¿ªµµ Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â Á¤¸» °¡Ä¡¸¦ ¸Å±æ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±ÍÁßÇÑ ÀÚ·á°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Wherever the answer lies, the insights could help in the development of vaccines against other diseases that, like HIV, don't easily succumb to immune attack and that kill millions of people. Vaccine developers for these diseases will probably also have to look in unusual places for answers. The maps created by AIDS vaccine researchers currently exploring uncharted immunologic terrain could prove invaluable).

23. ¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the Greenhouse World Be?)

[¿ä¾à] Áö±¸°¡ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È ±×¸®°í ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¾ó¸¶³ª ¶ß°Å¿öÁú °ÍÀΰ¡´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ´ë±â¿¡ ³»»Õ´Â ¿Â½Ç °¡½º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾ó¸¶³ª ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¿¹¹ÎÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº °á±¹ ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ Á¼Èú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù(How hot the planet gets in coming decades and centuries will depend on just how sensitively the climate system responds to the greenhouse gases we're pumping into the atmosphere. Researchers are finally beginning to tighten up the range of possible sensitivities, at least at one end).

°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÃÖ±Ù ¼¼°è°¡ ´õ¿öÁö°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¾È´Ù. À̵éÀº ÀÌ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¿Â³­È­¸¦ ¾ß±â½ÃŰ´Â °¡Àå Å« ¿øÀÎÀ» Àΰ£À̶ó ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¼ö½Ê ³â ¹× ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ÀÌ Áö±¸¸¦ ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ ¶ß°Ì°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀÌ °ÍÀº °ø±â, ¹Ù´Ù, ¾óÀ½, ¶¥ ±×¸®°í »ý¸í µîÀÇ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿ì¸®°¡ ´ë±â¿¡ ³»»Õ´Â ¿Â³­È­ °¡½º¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¿¹¹ÎÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÅä·Ï ÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. Áö³­ 25³â µ¿¾È Àü¹®°¡µéÀÇ ±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀǰßÀº ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. È­¼®¿¬·áÀÇ ¿¬¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò, È­»ê ÀÜÇØ, žçÀÇ È帲 µî°ú °°Àº ÇϳªÀÇ ±âÈÄ ¿äÀÎÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ ¿äÀο¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸Å¿ì ³¯Ä«·Ó°Ô °æ°í¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ±âÈĶõ ¿ö³« ±î´Ù·Ó´Ù´Â Á¡À» ¸ðµÎ ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â À̵é Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ¾î´À ÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Â³­È­°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¿À·ÎÁö Æò±ÕÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶±Ý ÀÌ»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ °æ°í¸¦ Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±âÈĶõ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ¹ÝÀÀÀûÀ̶ó´Â Á¡µµ ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. ±×¸¸Å­ ¿¹¹ÎÇÑ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù(Scientists know that the world has warmed lately, and they believe humankind is behind most of that warming. But how far might we push the planet in coming decades and centuries? That depends on just how sensitively the climate system--air, oceans, ice, land, and life--responds to the greenhouse gases we're pumping into the atmosphere. For a quarter-century, expert opinion was vague about climate sensitivity. Experts allowed that climate might be quite touchy, warming sharply when shoved by one climate driver or another, such as the carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning, volcanic debris, or dimming of the sun. On the other hand, the same experts conceded that climate might be relatively unresponsive, warming only modestly despite a hard push toward the warm side).

±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰí ÇÏ¸é ´çÀå ³ª°¡ Á÷Á¢ ±âÈĸ¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨Àº ÇϳªÀÇ ±×¸²À» ±×·Á³»¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµç ¸ðµ¨Àº ±× ÀÚüÀÇ ¹Î°¨µµ¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °¢°¢ÀÇ ¸ðµ¨Àº ½ÇÁ¦ ¼¼°èÀÇ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸ð»ç(facsimile)ÇÒ ¶§ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º¿¡ µû¶ó º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ¸ð»ç ¼ø°£ÀÇ ±×¸²Àº ÀÌ¹Ì °ú°Å¶ó´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ »óȲÀº ÀÌ¹Ì º¯È­µÈ »óȲÀ̶ó´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±× °á°ú ±âÈÄ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿À·¡ µ¿¾È ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ ¿µ¿ªÀ» ÁöÀûÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ¿Â½Ç °¡½º ÀÌ»êÈ­ ź¼ÒÀÇ µÎ ¹è Áõ°¡´Â, ÀÌ´Â À̹ø ¼¼±â¿¡ µé¾î¿Í ¹ß»ýµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÇ´Âµ¥, ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Æò±Õ 1.5µµ¿Í ¸¹°Ô´Â 4.5µµ »çÀÌ Á¤µµ·Î Áö±¸ÀÇ ¿Âµµ¸¦ ³ôÀÌ°Ô µÈ ²ÃÀÌ µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ÂµµÀÇ ¹üÀ§´Â, ÃʱâÀÇ µÎ °³ÀÇ ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ¿© ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀε¥, 1979³â¿¡ µîÀåÇß°í ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¸Å¹ø ÁÖ¿ä ±âÈÄ ÃøÁ¤ Æò°¡ ½Ã¿¡ ÀοëµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù(The problem with climate sensitivity is that you can't just go out and directly measure it. Sooner or later a climate model must enter the picture. Every model has its own sensitivity, but each is subject to all the uncertainties inherent in building a hugely simplified facsimile of the real-world climate system. As a result, climate scientists have long quoted the same vague range for sensitivity: A doubling of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which is expected to occur this century, would eventually warm the world between a modest 1.5°C and a whopping 4.5°C. This range--based on just two early climate models--first appeared in 1979 and has been quoted by every major climate assessment since).

[±×¸² : ¿¹°í(ÀüÁ¶)? 2003³â À¯·´¿¡ ´ÚÄ£ ¿Â³­È­·Î Á×Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °üÀÌ ÁñºñÇÏ°Ô ´Ã¾î¼­ ÀÖ´Ù. CREDIT: PASCAL LE SEGRETAIN/GETTY IMAGES. Ãâó : Science]

¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº °á±¹ Àû¾îµµ ÇѰ¡Áö ¹üÀ§¿¡¼­(ÃÖ°í ¿Âµµ) °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ Á¼È÷±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÇѰ¡Áö ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é 5%-95%ÀÇ ½Å·ÚµµÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµ¨µéÀÇ ¹Î°¨µµµé·Î À̴  1.5µµ¿¡¼­ 4.5µµÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ ¹üÀ§¿¡ µé°Ô ¸¸µç °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸î¸î ¸ðµ¨µéÀº 4.5¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼­±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ½Ãµµ°¡ ÃßÁøµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ±¸¸§ Ȱµ¿°ú °°Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ º¯¼öµéÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀÏ ¸ðµ¨·Î¼­, Æò±ÕÄ¡°¡ 3.2µµ·Î 2.4µµ¿Í 5.4µµ ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ¹Î°¨µµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ´Ù(Researchers are finally beginning to tighten up the range of possible sensitivities, at least at one end. For one, the sensitivities of the available models (5% to 95% confidence range) are now falling within the canonical range of 1.5°C to 4.5°C; some had gone considerably beyond the high end. And the first try at a new approach--running a single model while varying a number of model parameters such as cloud behavior--has produced a sensitivity range of 2.4°C to 5.4°Cwith a most probable value of 3.2°C).

ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ðµ¨Àº ±×Àú ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ ÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀ» ¿î¿µÇÑ´Ù¸é ¾ó¸¶³ª ³ª¾ÆÁú±î? °í°í±âÈÄÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿Â½Ç °¡½º°°Àº ±âÈÄ ¿äÀεéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸Õ °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È­µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Â°¡¿Í ±× ¶§ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇß´ÂÁö¸¦ ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ÀÚ¿¬Àº ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¿Â³­È­¸¦ À§ÇØ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ¾Æ³¯·Î±×¸¦ ¿î¿µÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸· ºùÇÏ½Ã´ë µ¿¾È ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò ³óÃàÀÌ ¶³¾îÁ³´ÂÁö? ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº žç È帲ÀÌ Çʸ®ÇÉÀÇ Mount Pinatubo»êÀÇ À¶±â·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö´Â Ç×»ó ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ °í°í±âÈÄ ¿¹Ãø µ¥ÀÌÅÍ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î 3µµÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ ¹üÀ§¿¡ µé¾î¿Â´Ù(Models are only models, however. How much better if nature ran the experiment? Enter paleoclimatologists, who sort out how climate drivers such as greenhouse gases have varied naturally in the distant past and how the climate system of the time responded. Nature, of course, has never run the perfect analog for the coming greenhouse warming. And estimating how much carbon dioxide concentrations fell during the depths of the last ice age or how much sunlight debris from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines blocked will always have lingering uncertainties. But paleoclimate estimates of climate sensitivity generally fall in the canonical range, with a best estimate in the region of 3°C).

°¡´ÉÇÑ ±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ÃÖÀúÄ¡°¡ º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× °ÍÀº 1.5µµ ÀÌÇÏ·Î ³»·Á°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼öÄ¡´Â ¸î¸î ¿Â½Ç ¹Ý´ë·ÐÀÚµéÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â »ç¼ÒÇÑ ¿Â³­È­¸¦ ¹èÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ °è»êÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÃÖ°íÄ¡ ¿Âµµ¿¡¼­´Â ÆÛÁö ¿µ¿ª¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. Áö³­ °ú°Å ¼¼±â¿¡ °üÂûµÈ ±âÈÄ º¯È­¿¡ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̰í Àηù¹ß»ý·ÐÀûÀÎ ±âÈÄ ¿äÀεéÀ» ´õÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ÀÚ·á´Â 4.5µµ¸¦ ³ÑÀ» È®·üÀÌ 30%ÀÓÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À̶§ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿Âµµ´Â 9µµ±îÁö Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ÃÖ±Ù ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ðµ¨ º¯¼öµéÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù ¿¬±¸ÀÚ·á´Â ¹Î°¨µµ°¡ 11µµ±îÁö ¿Ã¶ó°¨À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í Àִµ¥, À̵é ÀúÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ÃÖ°íÄ¡ÀÎ 9µµ±îÁö º¯È­ÇßÀ»¶§ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀϾ °ÍÀÎÁö ¸»À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ º¹»çÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁöÁúÇÐÀû °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÃÖ°íÄ¡ÀÇ ¿Â³­È­ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ÁöÀûÇϰí Àִµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¹Ù·Î ¹«¾ð°¡ ºüÁø ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ À§ÇèÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» ¶æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(The lower end at least of likely climate sensitivity does seem to be firming up; it's not likely below 1.5°C, say researchers. That would rule out the negligible warmings proposed by some greenhouse contrarians. But climate sensitivity calculations still put a fuzzy boundary on the high end. Studies drawing on the past century's observed climate change plus estimates of natural and anthropogenic climate drivers yield up to 30% probabilities of sensitivities above 4.5°C, ranging as high as 9°C. The latest study that varies model parameters allows sensitivities up to 11°C, with the authors contending that they can't yet say what the chances of such extremes are. Others are pointing to times of extreme warmth in the geologic past that climate models fail to replicate, suggesting that there's a dangerous element to the climate system that the models do not yet contain).

±âÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ÀÛ¾÷À» Àá½Ã Áß´ÜÇß´Ù. ±âÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼ºÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¼Ò½ºÀÎ ±¸¸§ ¹× ¿¬¹«Áú µîÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµ¨¸µ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 10-15³â Àü¿¡ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¸»Çϱ⸦ ÀÌ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ±¸ÃàÇϴµ¥ 10-15³âÀÌ °É¸± °ÍÀ̶ó Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¶¸¸°£ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸®¶ó´Â ¡Á¶´Â º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À̵éÀº ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Ãæ½Çµµ¸¦ ³ô¿©¾ß ÇÏ°í °¡´ÉÇÑ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃ ÆÄ¿ì¾î¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÁÖ¾îÁø Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ³ô¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °ú°ÅÀÇ ±âÈÄ º¯È­¿Í ±× ¿äÀεéÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÃßÃâÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯´Â µ¿¾È, È­¼® ¿¬·á ¿¡³ÊÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ½Å¼ÓÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö À̵¿ÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀº ÀÌ»êȭź¼ÒÀÇ ¹è Áõ°¡ - ¾Æ´Ï ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ Áõ°¡´Â ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Climate researchers have their work cut out for them. They must inject a better understanding of clouds and aerosols--the biggest sources of uncertainty--into their modeling. Ten or 15 years ago, scientists said that would take 10 or 15 years; there's no sign of it happening anytime soon. They must increase the fidelity of models, a realistic goal given the continued acceleration of affordable computing power. And they must retrieve more and better records of past climate changes and their drivers. Meanwhile, unless a rapid shift away from fossil fuel use occurs worldwide, a doubling of carbon dioxide--and more--will be inevitable).

24. °ª½Ñ ¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace Cheap Oil--and When?)

[¿ä¾à] ¿¡³ÊÁö À§±â¸¦ ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¦ ¶§¿¡ ¾î¶² ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¹ß°ßµÉ °ÍÀÎÁö´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ ¿ì¼± ¼øÀ§¸¦ µÎ¾î ÁýÁß ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿©±â¿¡´Â °úÇÐÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´øÁ®ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±Û·Î¹úÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡Àû µ¿Àǰ¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù(Whether alternative energy sources will be found in time to avoid an energy crunch depends in part on how high a priority we give energy research and development. And it will require a global political consensus on what the science is telling us).

°ú°ÅÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÚ¿ø±îÁöÀÇ ·Îµå¸¦ º¸¸é ¿ïÅüºÒÅüÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀüÀÌ(transitions)´Â °ú°Å¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¿Ô´Ù. õ³â°£ÀÇ ³ª¹« ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Áö³ª »çȸ´Â ¼®Åº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Ãß°¡Çß°í Áß·ÂÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Ãß°¡Çß´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ »ê¾÷ Çõ¸íÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¼®À¯°¡ µµÂøÇß°í À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ À°ÇذøÀÇ ±³Åë¼ö´ÜÀÌ ¹øÃ¢Çß´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´çºÐ°£ ´ÙÀ½ ´Ù·®ÀÇ ¼®Åº¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¾îµð¿¡¼­ ¿Í¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö? ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»ê¿¡¼­ÀÇ Æø¹ßÀû ¼ºÀåÀÌ ÀÌ ¼¼°è¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ´øÁ®ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö °ÆÁ¤ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù(The road from old to new energy sources can be bumpy, but the transitions have gone pretty smoothly in the past. After millennia of dependence on wood, society added coal and gravitydriven water to the energy mix. Industrialization took off. Oil arrived, and transportation by land and air soared, with hardly a worry about where the next log or lump of coal was coming from, or what the explosive growth in energy production might be doing to the world).

±×·±µ¥ ½Ã°£ÀÌ º¯Çß´Ù. ¼®À¯°¡°ÝÀÌ ÃµÁ¤ºÎÁö·Î ¿À¸£°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ºÏ±Ø°ú ³²±ØÀÇ ºùÇϰ¡ ³ì±â ½ÃÀÛÇß°í ±× °á°ú ±Û·Î¹ú ¿ÂµµÀÇ ¼öÀºÁÖ´Â ¿Ã¶ó°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. °ú°Åó·³ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀüÀ̰¡ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ÀüÀÌµÉ ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ëÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀüÀÌ´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. (1) ¾ðÁ¦ ¼®À¯ »ý»êÀÇ Á¤Á¡ÀÌ µµ·¡ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? (2) ¿ì¸®°¡ È­¼® ¿¬·á(fossil fuels)¸¦ Å¿òÀ¸·Î½á ´ë±â¿¡ ³»»Õ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡? (3) ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÚ¿øµéÀÌ Á¤¸» ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äÀº °úÇбâ¼ú¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸ ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÉ °ÍÀΰ¡?(Times have changed. The price of oil has been climbing, and ice is melting around both poles as the mercury in the global thermometer rises. Whether the next big energy transition will be as smooth as past ones will depend in large part on three sets of questions: When will world oil production peak? How sensitive is Earth's climate to the carbon dioxide we are pouring into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels? And will alternative energy sources be available at reasonable costs? The answers rest on science and technology, but how society responds will be firmly in the realm of politics).

¼¼°è´Â Á¶¸¸°£ ¼®À¯ ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ °í°¥ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â µ¥ ¸ðµÎ°¡ µ¿ÀÇÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ³íÀïÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÌ´Ù. ¼®À¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Û·Î¹ú ¼ö¿ä´Â ¸Å³â 1-2% »ó½ÂÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ Áö±¸ ¶¥¿¡¼­ ¸ÅÃʸ¶´Ù 1,000 ¹è·²ÀÇ ¼®À¯¸¦ »Ì¾Æ(»ý»ê) ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀº - ´ëºÎºÐ ¼®À¯ ȸ»ç Ãâ½ÅÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀÌÁö¸¸ - Á¶¸¸°£ ¼®À¯ »ý»êÀÌ Á¤Á¡¿¡ À̸¦ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚÀÎ M. King Hubbert°¡ 1956³â¿¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ³» ¼®À¯»ý»êÀÌ 1970³â¿¡ Á¤Á¡¿¡ À̸¦ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¿¹ÃøÀ» ÁöÀûÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. °ú°ÅÀÇ ¼®À¯»ý»ê ¹× ¹ß°ßÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ» Âü°íÇÑ ¶È °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î À̵éÀº Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¼®À¯»ý»ê Á¤Á¡ÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 10³â ³»¿¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ³«°ü·ÐÀÚµéÀº - ´ëºÎºÐ ÀÚ¿ø °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌÁö¸¸ - ¼®À¯»ý»êÀº ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ¼®À¯°¡ ¶¥¿¡ ¸ÅÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´À³Ä°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î °æÁ¦¿Í Á¤Ä¡º¯¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¸»Çϱ⸦ ±â¼úÀû Çõ½ÅÀÌ °è¼Ó ÀϾ °ÍÀÌ°í ±×·¡¼­ ¼®À¯ »ý»êÀº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¼Õ Ä¡´õ¶óµµ ´©±¸³ª ¼®À¯»ý»êÀÇ Á¤Á¡ÀÌ ¹Ý¼¼±â ¾È¿¡ µµ·¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì Àüü ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ·®ÀÇ 40% °¡·®ÀÇ ¼®À¯ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ´ëüÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °í·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ±âÈÄ º¯È­°¡ °­Á¶µÇ¸é¼­ ºñÈ­¼®¿¬·á(nonfossil fules)·ÎÀÇ ÀüÀ̰¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ±ä±ÞÇÑ À̽´·Î µîÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(There is little disagreement that the world will soon be running short of oil. The debate is over how soon. Global demand for oil has been rising at 1% or 2% each year, and we are now sucking almost 1000 barrels of oil from the ground every second. Pessimists--mostly former oil company geologists--expect oil production to peak very soon. They point to American geologist M. King Hubbert's successful 1956 prediction of the 1970 peak in U.S. production. Using the same method involving records of past production and discoveries, they predict a world oil peak by the end of the decade. Optimists--mostly resource economists--argue that oil production depends more on economics and politics than on how much happens to be in the ground. Technological innovation will intervene, and production will continue to rise, they say. Even so, midcentury is about as far as anyone is willing to push the peak. That's still "soon" considering that the United States, for one, will need to begin replacing oil's 40% contribution to its energy consumption by then. And as concerns about climate change intensify, the transition to nonfossil fuels could become even more urgent).

¸¸¾à ¼®À¯ °ø±ÞÀÌ Á¶¸¸°£ Á¤Á¡¿¡ À̸£°í È­¼®¿¬·á·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀüÀ̰¡ ±âÈİü·Ã ÁÖ¿ä À̽´°¡ µÈ´Ù¸é, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´ëü¿¡³ÊÁö °ø±ÞÀº ¾çÂÊ ³¯°³¿¡¼­ Áö±Ý ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. žçÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª 86,000 Á¶ ¿ÍÆ®(8°æ6õÁ¶ ¿ÍÆ®) ¶Ç´Â 86,000 Å×¶ó¿ÍÆ®·Î Áö±¸ÀÇ Ç¥¸éÀ» ÂòÁúÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ·®Àº Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼­ ¸Å³â Àΰ£µéÀÌ »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Àüü ¿¡³ÊÁö·®ÀÇ 6,600¹è¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù¶÷, »ý¹°·®(biomass, ¸ÅÀåµÈ »ý¹°·®), ÇÙ ÆÄ¿ì¾î µîµµ ¶ÇÇÑ Ç³ºÎÇÑ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ º¸¸é È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö »ç¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âȸ´Â ¾öû ¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù(If oil supplies do peak soon or climate concerns prompt a major shift away from fossil fuels, plenty of alternative energy supplies are waiting in the wings. The sun bathes Earth's surface with 86,000 trillion watts, or terawatts, of energy at all times, about 6600 times the amount used by all humans on the planet each year. Wind, biomass, and nuclear power are also plentiful. And there is no shortage of opportunities for using energy more efficiently).

¹°·Ð ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÚ¿øÀº ±×µé ³ª¸§´ë·ÎÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÙ ºÐ¿­(nuclear fission) ¿ËÈ£·ÐÀÚµéÀº ¿µ¿øÈ÷ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ»ç´É Æó±â¹°(radioactive wastes) 󸮿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀïÀûÀÎ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» ã¾Æ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̴ åÀÓ°ú ÀÚº» ºñ¿ëÀ̶ó´Â °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ Àü±â»ý»ê ±â¾÷µéÀ» À§ÇùÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Àç»ý ÀÚ¿ø(renewable sources)µµ dzºÎÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Àç»ýÀÚ¿øÀº Àú·ÅÇÑ °¡°Ý¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÆÄ¿ì¾î·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â¼ú ºñ¿ëÀÌ ºñ½Î°í ±×¸¸Å­ ¾î·Á¿î ±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö dz·Â ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â ÁÖ¿ä ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö·Î ºÎ»óÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ±Û·Î¹úÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ÃàµÈ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼­ 400¾ï ¿ÍÆ®(40 ±â°¡¿ÍÆ®) ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ¿© ų·Î¿ÍÆ®´ç 4.5¼¾Æ®¶ó´Â Àú·ÅÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î Àü±â¸¦ °ø±ÞÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Of course, alternative energy sources have their issues. Nuclear fission supporters have never found a noncontroversial solution for disposing of long-lived radioactive wastes, and concerns over liability and capital costs are scaring utility companies off. Renewable energy sources are diffuse, making it difficult and expensive to corral enough power from them at cheap prices. So far, wind is leading the way with a global installed capacity of more than 40 billion watts, or gigawatts, providing electricity for about 4.5 cents per kilowatt hour).

 

 

 

 


[±×¸² : CREDIT: JUPITER IMAGES. Source : Science]

Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ ±×·²µíÇÏ°Ô µé¸°´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ±Ô¸ð´Â È­¼® ¿¬·á »ç¿ë°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¸é ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÛ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­¸¸ Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â Àüü ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»êÀÇ 6%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ±Û·Î¹ú ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼ö¿ä´Â ¸Å³â 13 Å×¶ó¿ÍÆ®¿¡¼­ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¹Ý¼¼±â ¾È¿¡ 30-60 Å×¶ó¿ÍÆ®·Î ¼ºÀåÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÈ´Ù´Â Á¡À» °¨¾ÈÇϸé ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ È°¿ëÀº ÇöÀç ÀÚ¿øÀ» ´ëüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï È®ÀåµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼¼°èÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼ö¿ä¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ(That sounds good, but the scale of renewable energy is still very small when compared to fossil fuel use. In the United States, renewables account for just 6% of overall energy production. And, with global energy demand expected to grow from approximately 13 terawatts a year now to somewhere between 30 and 60 terawatts by the middle of this century, use of renewables will have to expand enormously to displace current sources and have a significant impact on the world's future energy needs).

±×·¯·¯¸é ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇѰ¡? ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸ÀÌ Çʼö ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ(ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°Ç) ¿¡³ÊÁö ±âȹ¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ÇÙ½ÉÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. žç Àü±â ÆÄ¿ì¾î ¸ðµâÀÇ ±¸Ãà ºñ¿ëÀº Áö³­ 30³â°£ ±Ô¸ð¸é¿¡¼­ 2µî±ÞÀ̳ª ¶³¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ÅÂ¾ç ¿¡³ÊÁö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ·Á¸é Áö±ÝÀÇ ±¸Ãà ºñ¿ëº¸´Ù 100¹è ÀÌ»ó ¶³¾îÁ®¾ß °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ³ª³ë±â¼úÀÇ Çõ½Å ¶ÇÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¹ÝµµÃ¼ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ÅÂ¾ç ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼öÁý±âÀÇ È¿À²¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÅÂ¾ç ºû, CO2 ³ª ¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ Á÷Á¢ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ È­Çп¬·á¸¦ ÃßÃâÇÏ¿© ´ë·® »ý»êÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀ» º¸ÀδÙ(What needs to happen for that to take place? Using energy more efficiently is likely to be the sine qua non of energy planning--not least to buy time for efficiency improvements in alternative energy. The cost of solar electric power modules has already dropped two orders of magnitude over the last 30 years. And most experts figure the price needs to drop 100-fold again before solar energy systems will be widely adopted. Advances in nanotechnology may help by providing novel semiconductor systems to boost the efficiency of solar energy collectors and perhaps produce chemical fuels directly from sunlight, CO2, and water).

¿¡³ÊÁö À§±â¸¦ ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¦ ¶§¿¡ ¾î¶² ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¹ß°ßµÉ °ÍÀÎÁö´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ ¿ì¼± ¼øÀ§¸¦ µÎ¾î ÁýÁß ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿©±â¿¡´Â °úÇÐÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´øÁ®ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±Û·Î¹úÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡Àû µ¿Àǰ¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù(But whether these will come in time to avoid an energy crunch depends in part on how high a priority we give energy research and development. And it will require a global political consensus on what the science is telling us).

25. Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ¶ó´ø ¸È¼­½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus Continue to Be Wrong?)

[¿ä¾à] °¡Àå ±ÞÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â °ï°æ¿¡ óÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ Çâ»ó½ÃŰ¸é¼­ ÇöÀçÀÇ »ýȰ ¼öÁØÀ» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöÇÏ´À³Ä? ¾î¶»°Ô ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀº Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼­ »îÀ» À¯ÁöÇϸ鼭 »ý¹°Á¾ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» º¸È£Çϸ鼭 »ì¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù(The urgent question is whether current standards of living can be sustained while improving the plight of those in need. How can humans live sustainably on the planet and do so in a way that manages to preserve some biodiversity?)

1978³â ¿µ±¹ Albury¿¡ ¼ÒÀç Á¶±×¸¸ ±³±¸ÀÇ 32»ìÀÇ ¸ñ»ç´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ÁøÁöÇÑ ÆÊÇ÷¿¿¡ "Àα¸ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¡¼¼ÀÌ(An Essay on the Principle of Population)"À̶ó´Â ±ÛÀ» ¼Ò°³Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â À¯ÅäÇÇ¾Æ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ±Ù¾öÇÑ ³íÀïÀÌ ´ë¼¼¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´ø ½ÃÀýÀ̶ó, Thomas Malthus´Â Àα¸´Â Ç×»ó Áõ°¡ÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶»ç°¡ °¡´ÉÇϴٸ鼭, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Ãâ»ý Á¶Àý, ±â±Ù-ÀüÀï-º´ÀÇ °á°ú µîÀ» º¸°í Àα¸ÀÇ Àü¸ÁÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °üÁ¡µéÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» °í¹«½ÃÄÑ È¯°æ·ÐÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Å¿ì ²ûÂïÇÑ °æ°í¸¦ À¯¹ß½Ã۱⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù(In 1798, a 32-year-old curate at a small parish church in Albury, England, published a sobering pamphlet entitled An Essay on the Principle of Population. As a grim rebuttal of the utopian philosophers of his day, Thomas Malthus argued that human populations will always tend to grow and, eventually, they will always be checked--either by foresight, such as birth control, or as a result of famine, war, or disease. Those speculations have inspired many a dire warning from environmentalists).

¸È¼­½º ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¼¼°èÀÇ Àα¸´Â 6¹è°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÑ 60¾ï¿¡ ´ÞÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ÙÇེ·´°Ôµµ ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö Çö´ë¹¬½Ã·Ï °°Àº ÆÄ±¹µéÀº °ª½Ñ ¿¡³ÊÁö, °úÇбâ¼ú, ³ì»öÇõ¸íÀÇ µµ·¡·Î ¿¹¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àα¸Åë°èÇÐÀÚµéÀº 2010³â °æÀÌ µÇ¸é ±Û·Î¹ú Àα¸´Â 100¾ï¿¡ ´ÞÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Since Malthus's time, world population has risen sixfold to more than 6 billion. Yet happily, apocalyptic collapses have mostly been prevented by the advent of cheap energy, the rise of science and technology, and the green revolution. Most demographers predict that by 2100, global population will level off at about 10 billion).

°¡Àå ±ÞÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â °ï°æ¿¡ óÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ Çâ»ó½ÃŰ¸é¼­ ÇöÀçÀÇ »ýȰ ¼öÁØÀ» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöÇÏ´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù. ±×Àú À½½Ä»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹°, È­¼®¿¬·á, ¸ñÀç, ±âŸ ±âº» ÀÚ¿ø µî ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ¼Òºñ´Â °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹¿¡¼­ ¾öû³­ ¼Óµµ·Î Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ Àΰ£µéÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÀÚ¿øµéÀ» ÇÕ¼º Á¶ÇÕÇÏ¿© ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ´ëÇØ À§ÇùÀ» °¡Çϰí Àִµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ±âÈÄÀÇ º¯È­, ¶¥°ú ¹°ÀÇ ¿À¿°, ±×¸®°í Á¾µéÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯°¡ÁöÀÇ ÇØ·Î¿î »ç¹°µéÀÇ À¯Æ÷ µîÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ´Ù(The urgent question is whether current standards of living can be sustained while improving the plight of those in need. Consumption of resources--not just food but also water, fossil fuels, timber, and other essentials--has grown enormously in the developed world. In addition, humans have compounded the direct threats to those resources in many ways, including by changing climate, polluting land and water, and spreading invasive species).

¾î¶»°Ô ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀº Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼­ »îÀ» À¯ÁöÇϸ鼭 »ý¹°Á¾ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» º¸È£Çϸ鼭 »ì¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç®·Á¸é ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬°ú »çȸ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â ¿¬±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ºÐ¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº Àΰ£µéÀº ¸¹Àº »ýÅÂ°è ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ°í ±ú²ýÇÑ ¹°°ú ´Ù¸¥ "¼±°ú ¼­ºñ½º, goods and services)"¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ¹æÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾ÇÀûÀÎ »óűîÁö ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖÀ»±î? ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ½ÀÁö, ½£, ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ªÀÇ »óÅÂ¿Í Æ®·»µå¿¡ °üÇÑ º¸´Ù ³ªÀº Á¤º¸µéÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¼± ¼øÀ§¸¦ Á¤Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ »ýŰè·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀúÇ×ÇÏ°Ô Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¹«¾ùÀÌ Ãë¾àÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö? ¾î¶² ½ºÆ®·¹½º¸¦ ¹ÞÀº »ýŰ谡, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¼ö»ê¾÷À̳ª ¾ç½Ä¾÷ µî, ´õÀÌ»ó ȸº¹µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »óȲ±îÁö µµ´ÞÇß´ÂÁö ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á»´õ ³ªÀº ¿¬±¸¿Í ÀÌÇØ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(How can humans live sustainably on the planet and do so in a way that manages to preserve some biodiversity? Tackling that question involves a broad range of research for natural and social scientists. It's abundantly clear, for example, that humans are degrading many ecosystems and hindering their ability to provide clean water and other "goods and services". But exactly how bad is the situation? Researchers need better information on the status and trends of wetlands, forests, and other areas. To set priorities, they'd also like a better understanding of what makes ecosystems more resistant or vulnerable and whether stressed ecosystems, such as marine fisheries, have a threshold at which they won't recover).

[±×¸² : ±ÕÇüÀÌ ±úÁü. ¼¼°èÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â Àα¸¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ºñÈ¿À²Àû ¼Òºñ³ª °¡³­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À§Çù¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. CREDIT: VIVIANE MOOS/CORBIS. Source : Science]

³ó°æÇÐÀÚµéÀº Áö±Ý 40¾ï Àα¸ÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ¸Ô¿© »ì¸± °Å´ëÇÑ ÀÓ¹«¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØÀÖ´Ù. ³ó¹° »ý»êÀº ¼±Áø±¹¿¡¼­ ±Ø´ëÈ­ ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¸¹Àº ³ó»ê¹°µéÀÌ °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ³² »çÇÏ¶ó ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Áö¿ªÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ±× Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÀÌ °÷¿¡ ¹Ì·¡°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °÷Àº Áú¼Ò°¡ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ³ó¾÷ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À±â¼úÀÌ »ý»ê·®À» ±Ø´ëÈ­½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ°í ³ó¾÷¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ȯ°æÀ» ±Ø¼ÒÈ­½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀáÀç·ÂÀ» °®°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ³ª¸§´ë·ÎÀÇ ¾àÁ¡ÀÌ Àִµ¥, ¹ÙÀÌ¿À ±â¼úÀÌ È¸ÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀ» À̱â°í ½Â¸®ÇÏ·Á¸é ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸Õ ¾ê±âÀÌ´Ù(Agronomists face the task of feeding 4 billion more mouths. Yields may be maxing out in the developed world, but much can still be done in the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, which desperately needs more nitrogen. Although agricultural biotechnology clearly has potential to boost yields and lessen the environmental impact of farming, it has its own risks, and winning over skeptics has proven difficult).

¹°·Ð »çȸ °úÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ôµµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸¹Àº ÀϰŸ®µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ¿øÀÇ °ú¿ëÀ» ºÎäÁúÇÏ´Â ½É¼ú±ÄÀº ¶¥ÀÇ Ä§ÀüµéÀº - °á±¹ ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ °ªºñ½Ñ ³ó±â°è¸¦ ±¸ÀÔÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÎ ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ±â°è¸¦ ±¸ÀÔÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¿¡ ¾öû³­ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»¹Ç·Î ³ó»çÁþ´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Ç×»ó ºû¿¡ Âɵ鸮°Ô ÇÏ´Â »óȲÀÌ ¹ß»ý - ¿À·¡ µ¿¾È Àΰ£µéÀÌ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î »õ·Î¿î ¶¥ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î È®ÀåÇϰíÀÚ Çϴµ¥, À̸¦ À§ÇÑ »ê¸² ¸ñÀç µµ¹ú ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¸¸¸¸Ä¡ ¾Ê°í, ±× °á°ú ÀÚ¿¬À» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ¿© ±ú²ýÇÑ ¹°À» °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â »ê¸²À» ÈѼÕÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. °á±¹ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿ÜºÎ·ÎÀÇ ¿µ¿ª È®´ë´Â ºñ¿ë°ú °áÇÕÇØ º¼ ¶§ »ýŰèÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÌ ´õ¿í ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ¸Å¿ì À§ÇùÀûÀÎ µµÀüÀÌ´Ù. »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °æÁ¦Àû ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤Àº Á¾Á¾ ÇöÀç°¡Ä¡(net present value)¸¸ º¸°í °áÁ¤À» Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¹Ù·Î ÀÚ¿ø, Áï, Åä¾ç ħ½Ä, ³óÁöÀÇ »ìÀ°°ú Å¿ì±â µîÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¿øµéÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ µµ½Ã¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ¶¥À» ÆÄ¼­ ¹°À» ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ°í ³óÁö¸¦ À§ÇÑ »ù¹°À» ÆÄ´Â °Í ¶ÇÇÑ ÃÖ´ë ¹®Á¦ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °úÁ¤µéÀº »ê¾÷ÀÇ º¯ÇüÀ» ÀǹÌÇϴµ¥, ¼³»ç À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ÁÁÀº Á÷Àå, ÁÁÀº À½½Ä°ú ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÇ°ÚÁö¸¸, ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ȯ°æÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(There's no shortage of work for social scientists either. Perverse subsidies that encourage overuse of resources--tax loopholes for luxury Hummers and other inefficient vehicles, for example--remain a chronic problem. A new area of activity is the attempt to place values on ecosystems' services, so that the price of clear-cut lumber, for instance, covers the loss of a forest's ability to provide clean water. Incorporating those "externalities" into pricing is a daunting challenge that demands much more knowledge of ecosystems. In addition, economic decisions often consider only net present value and discount the future value of resources--soil erosion, slash-and-burn agriculture, and the mining of groundwater for cities and farming are prime examples. All this complicates the process of transforming industries so that they provide jobs, goods, and services while damaging the environment less).

¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÁÖÅÃÀÇ º¯È­ÇÏ´Â Àα¸Åë°èÇÐÀ» °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ º¹Áö¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀΰ¡? ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 35-50³â°£, ÀÌ Áö±¸»ó¿¡ »ç´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ ¼ö´Â µÎ ¹è°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àα¸ ¼ºÀåÀº ÁÖ·Î Áö±Ý 30,000 ¿¡¼­ 3¹é¸¸ ¸íÀÇ Àα¸¸¦ °¡Áø °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹µéÀÇ µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌµé °Å´ëÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö È¿À² ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ÁýÀ» Áþ±â À§ÇÑ ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®±îÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹æ¹ýÀ» °£´ÜÈ÷ ÇÏ¿© ¸¶½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹°À» Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Researchers must also grapple with the changing demographics of housing and how it will impact human well-being: In the next 35 to 50 years, the number of people living in cities will double. Much of the growth will likely happen in the developing world in cities that currently have 30,000 to 3 million residents. Coping with that huge urban influx will require everything from energy efficient ways to make concrete to simple ways to purify drinking water).

ÀÌÁ¦ ±Û·Î¹úÀûÀ¸·Î TV¿Í ¹«Á¤ÇÑ ±¤°í½Ã´ë°¡ µµ·¡Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¼ÒºñÀÇ ÆÐÅÏÀº ¾î¶»°Ô º¯ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? Àü ¼¼°è´Â ºÐ¸í Áö±Ý ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀÌ ´©¸®´Â »ýȰ¼öÁذú °°Àº ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ÀÌ Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼­ 100¾ï ¸íÀ» Áö¿øÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀ̳ª »çȸ°úÇÐÀ̳ª - °úÇаú ±â¼úÀÌ ¿£ÁøÀ» °É¾î ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀÌ ¸¸µç ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦µéÀ» Ç® ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö? ÀÌ°Ô ¹Ù·Î ¿ì¸® ¼¼°è°¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦µéÀ» Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÒÁýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì °í³­µµÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹Ù·Î Á¤Ä¡Àû À̽´·Î Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °¡Àå Ä¿´Ù¶õ µµÀüÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(And in an age of global television and relentless advertising, what will happen to patterns of consumption? The world clearly can't support 10 billion people living like Americans do today. Whether science--both the natural and social sciences--and technology can crank up efficiency and solve the problems we've created is perhaps the most critical question the world faces. Mustering the political will to make hard choices is, however, likely to be an even bigger challenge).

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[Science-Introduction to special issue. What Don't We Know?(01/Jul/2005)]
[Science - In a special collection of articles published beginning 1 July 2005, Science Magazine and its online companion sites celebrate the journal's 125th anniversary with a look forward -- at the most compelling puzzles and questions facing scientists today(01/Jul/2005)]
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Ű¿öµå : 1880³â 7¿ù 3ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ß¸í¿Õ Åä¸Ó½º ¿¡µð½¼ÀÌ Ã¢°£ÇÑ À¯¼­±íÀº °úÇÐÀü¹®Áö Ú¸ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ Ã¢°£ 125 Áֳ⠱â³äÈ£¿¡¼­, Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ 125°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹®Á¦(big questions) Áß ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 25³â ¾È¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®¾î ³¾ ¡®°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 25°³(25 Big Questions) ¼±Á¤, The Top 25 Essays by our news staff on 25 big questions facing science over the next quarter-century, 125 big questions, 25 big questions, À̹ø 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö´Â [Vol 309, Issue 5731] È£·Î 75ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡¼­ 102ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ °ÉÃÄ 25°³ÀÇ Big QuestionsÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¹«·á·Î ÀϹݿ¡°Ô °ø°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper Principles Underlie Quantum Uncertainty and Nonlocality?), È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an Effective HIV Vaccine Feasible?), ¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the Greenhouse World Be?), °ª½Ñ ¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace Cheap Oil--and When?), Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ¶ó´ø ¸È¼­½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus Continue to Be Wrong?)