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[Part V(21-25). 1880³â 7¿ù 3ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ß¸í¿Õ Åä¸Ó½º ¿¡µð½¼ÀÌ Ã¢°£ÇÑ À¯¼±íÀº °úÇÐÀü¹®Áö
Ú¸ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ Ã¢°£ 125 Áֳ⠱â³äÈ£¿¡¼, Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ 125°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹®Á¦(big questions) Áß ¾ÕÀ¸·Î
25³â ¾È¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®¾î ³¾ ¡®°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 25°³(25 Big Questions)' ¼±Á¤, ÀÌÁß 21-25¹ø ¹®Á¦ ¼Ò°³(The Top 25
Essays by our news staff on 25 big questions facing science over the next
quarter-century. 21. ¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper Principles
Underlie Quantum Uncertainty and Nonlocality?), 22. È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an
Effective HIV Vaccine Feasible?), 23. ¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the
Greenhouse World Be?), 24. °ª½Ñ ¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace Cheap
Oil--and When?), 25. Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ¶ó´ø ¸È¼½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus
Continue to Be Wrong?)(07/Oct/2005)]
µå³ÐÀº ¿ìÁÖ¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀηùÀÇ È£±â½É°ú ±Ã±ÝÁõÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ¼ö¼ö²²³¢µéÀº µµÃ³¿¡ ³Î·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àηùź»ý ÀÌ·¡ °úÇÐÀº
²ÙÁØÈ÷ ¹ßÀüÇØ¿ÔÁö¸¸, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ½Åºñ¸¦ ¹þ°Ü³»´Â °ÉÀ½Àº ´À¸®±â¸¸ ÇÏ´Ù. 1880³â 7¿ù 3ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ß¸í¿Õ Åä¸Ó½º ¿¡µð½¼ÀÌ Ã¢°£ÇÑ À¯¼ ±íÀº °úÇÐÀü¹®Áö ¡®»çÀ̾ð½º(Science)¡¯´Â 2005³â 7¿ù
1ÀÏ ¹ß°£µÈ â°£ 125Áֳ⠱â³äÈ£¿¡¼ ¡®Àηù°¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 125°³¡¯¸¦ ¼±Á¤ÇÏ¿© ÀÌÁß ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 25³â ¾È¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®¾î ³¾
'°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 25°³(25 Big Questions)'¸¦ ¼±Á¤ Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. »çÀ̾𽺴 ¡°ÀÌ
¼ö¼ö²²³¢µéÀº °úÇÐÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÁøÀüÀ» ÀÌ·ð´ÂÁö º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¹ß°ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿·ÂÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±¸é¼ ¡°25³â ¾È¿¡ Ç®¾î³¾ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Àְųª ±×
ÇØ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í¡±À̶ó°í ³»´ÙºÃ´Ù. ¿À´ÃÀº ÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä ³»¿ëÀ» »ìÆìº¸´Âµ¥ ±×°£ ¹è¿î Á¦ Áö½Ä°ú °æÇèÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äµµ
Á¦½ÃÇØº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² °ÍÀº Á¾±³Ã¶ÇÐÀ¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇϰÚÁö¸¸...¹°·Ð ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸ÂÀ» Áö ¸ð¸£°ÚÁö¸¸...
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À̹ø 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö´Â [Vol 309, Issue 5731] È£·Î 75ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡¼ 102ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ °ÉÃÄ 25°³ÀÇ Big
QuestionsÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¹«·á·Î ÀϹݿ¡°Ô °ø°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Çѹø µé¾î°¡¼ º» ³»¿ëÀ» È®ÀÎÇØº¸¶ó. ÀÌ 25°¡ÁöÀÇ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¸¦ Ǫ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù·Î ³ëº§»ó È帰¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÃÑ Part I-V±îÁö 5°³¾¿ ¼Ò°³ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ±â´ëÇϽöó!!!
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [¸ñÂ÷]
[Part I]
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1.
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¿ìÁÖ´Â ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁ³³ª?(What Is the Universe Made Of?)
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2.
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ÀǽÄÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ±â¹ÝÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Is the Biological Basis of
Consciousness?)
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3.
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Àΰ£ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ ¼ö°¡ ¿¹»óº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀûÀº ÀÌÀ¯´Â?(Why
Do Humans Have So Few Genes?)
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4.
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°³ÀÎÀÇ °Ç°Àº À¯Àüº¯ÀÌ¿Í
¾ó¸¶³ª °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ³ª?(To What Extent Are Genetic Variation and Personal Health
Linked?)
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5.
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¹°¸®ÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ýÄ¢µéÀº Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(Can the
Laws of Physics Be Unified?)
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[Part II]
6. |
Àΰ£ ¼ö¸íÀº ¾îµð±îÁö ¿¬ÀåÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?(How Much Can Human Life Span
Be Extended?) |
7. |
±â°ü/Á¶Á÷ Àç»ýÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Controls Organ Regeneration?) |
8. |
ÇǺΠ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷·Î Àüȯ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Çö´ëÆÇ ¿¬±Ý¼úÀÇ ºñ°áÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(How Can a Skin Cell
Become a Nerve Cell?) |
9. |
´Ü¼øÇÑ Ã¼¼¼Æ÷ Çϳª°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô
¿ÏÀüÇÑ ½Ä¹°·Î ÀÚ¶ó³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(How Does a Single Somatic Cell Become a Whole
Plant?) |
10. |
Áö±¸ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼´Â ¾î¶² ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀϾ³ª?(How Does
Earth's Interior Work?)
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[Part III]
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11.
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Áö±¸ ¹Û ¿ìÁÖ¿¡´Â Àΰ£ ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ »ý¸íü°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î?(Are We Alone in the Universe?) |
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12.
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Áö±¸»ó ¾î´À
°÷¿¡¼, ¾î¶»°Ô ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ý¸íü°¡ ź»ýÇßÀ»±î?(How and Where Did Life on Earth Arise?) |
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13.
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»ý¹°
Á¾(ðú)ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿äÀÎÀº?(What Determines Species Diversity?) |
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14.
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¾î¶² À¯ÀüÀû º¯È°¡ Àΰ£À»
µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ »ý¸íü·Î ¸¸µé¾ú³ª?(What Genetic Changes Made Us Uniquely Human?) |
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15.
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±â¾ïÀº ¾î¶»°Ô
ÀúÀåµÇ°í ÃßÃâµÇ³ª?(How Are Memories Stored and Retrieved?)
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[Part IV]
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16.
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ÀηùÀÇ ¡®Çù·ÂÀûÀÎ Çൿ¡¯Àº ¾î¶»°Ô ÁøÈÇØ¿Ô³ª?(How Did Cooperative Behavior Evolve?) |
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17.
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°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº À¯ÀüÀÚ Áöµµ °°Àº »ý¹°ÇÐ µ¥ÀÌÅÍÀÇ È«¼ö ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¾î¶»°Ô °Å´ëÇÑ ±×¸²(»ý¸íÀÇ º»Áú)À» ±×·Á³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡?(How Will Big
Pictures Emerge From a Sea of Biological Data?) |
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18.
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Àΰ£ÀÌ ºÐÀÚ¿Í ¿øÀÚ¸¦ Á¶¸³ÇØ »ý¸íü¸¦ ¸¸µé
¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(How Far Can We Push Chemical Self-Assembly?) |
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19.
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ÀüÅëÀû ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ÇѰè´Â
¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Are the Limits of Conventional Computing?) |
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20.
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Àΰ£Àº ¸é¿ª ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î
ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ³ª?(Can We Selectively Shut Off Immune Responses?) |
[Part V]
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21.
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¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper Principles Underlie Quantum
Uncertainty and Nonlocality?) |
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22.
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È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an Effective HIV
Vaccine Feasible?) |
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23.
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¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the Greenhouse World
Be?) |
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24.
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¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace Cheap Oil--and When?)
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25.
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Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ¶ó´ø ¸È¼½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus Continue to Be
Wrong?) |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Part V]
21. ¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper
Principles Underlie Quantum Uncertainty and Nonlocality?)
[¿ä¾à] ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °ø½ÄÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô º¸µç °£¿¡ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº ¹Ì½Ã °´Ã¼µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á÷°üÀû Áö½ÄÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾î´À ³¯Àΰ¡ ¾ÆÀν¬Å¸ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý "½ÅÀº ÁÖ»çÀ§ ³îÀ̸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù"¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ ÀÌ
¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÀ» ¶Ù¾î ³Ñ¾î »õ·Î¿î ¹ýÄ¢À» ã±â¸¦ Èñ¸ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(No matter how you look at the equations of
quantum theory, they allow a tiny object to behave in ways that defy intuition.
Scientists are hoping to someday get beyond the discomfort that led Einstein to
declare that "[God] does not play dice.")
"¾çÀÚ¿ªÇÐÀº ¸Å¿ì ÀλóÀûÀÌ´Ù."¶ó°í Albert EinsteinÀº 1926³â¿¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ½è´Ù. "±×·¯³ª
³»ºÎ¿¡¼ ³ª¿À´Â ¼Ò¸®´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô ±× ½Çü°¡ Á¤¸» ½Çü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ¸»À» ÇÑ´Ù." ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¼ö³â°£ ¼º¼÷µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸®µéµµ Á¡Á¡ Á¶¿ëÇØÁö°í
ÀÖÁö¸¸ »ç½ÇÀº Á¶¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ Äª¼Û ¾Æ·¡¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ¿õ¼º°Å¸²ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù("Quantum mechanics is very
impressive," Albert Einstein wrote in 1926. "But an inner voice tells me that it
is not yet the real thing." As quantum theory matured over the years, that voice
has gotten quieter--but it has not been silenced. There is a relentless murmur
of confusion underneath the chorus of praise for quantum theory).
¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº 19¼¼±â ¸»¿¡ ŵ¿ÇÏ¿© °ð Çö´ë¹°¸®ÇÐÀÇ ±âµÕÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº ¼¼úÇϱ⸦, ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ»
Á¤µµ·Î Á¤È®ÇÏ°í ±â¹¦Çϸç Á÷°ü¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ¾îÁ¶·Î ÀÌµé ¹Ì½Ã¼¼°èÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ¼¼úÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ¹Ì½Ã¼¼°èÀÇ ¿øÀÚ¿Í ÀüÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ±Ø¹Ì¼¼ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¿øÀÚÇÙ
¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¹Ì¸³ÀÚµéÀ» ¼¼úÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º°øÀº °íÅëÀÇ ´ñ°¡¸¦ Ä¡·ç¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¾çÀÚ¿ªÇÐÀÇ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀº Àß ³ª°¡°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷µµ
ÀϹÝÀε鿡°Ô »ó½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¼Áö´Â ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Quantum theory was born at the very end of the 19th
century and soon became one of the pillars of modern physics. It describes, with
incredible precision, the bizarre and counterintuitive behavior of the very
small: atoms and electrons and other wee beasties of the submicroscopic world.
But that success came with the price of discomfort. The equations of quantum
mechanics work very well; they just don't seem to make sense).
¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °ø½ÄÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô º¸µç °£¿¡ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº ¹Ì½Ã °´Ã¼µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á÷°üÀû Áö½ÄÀ»
¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ÇϳªÀÇ °´Ã¼´Â °ãÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(ÃÊÀ§Ä¡, superposition)´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï µ¿½Ã¿¡ µÎ
°³ÀÇ ¹èŸÀû(ÛÉöâîÜ)ÀÎ ¼Ó¼ºÀ» °®´Â´Ù. À̸¦ À̻꼺(ìÆß¤àõ) ¶Ç´Â ºñ¿¬¼Ó¼ºÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀº, ¿©·¯ºÐµéÀÌ ¿øÀÚ¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â
ÇÑ, ±×¸®°í ¿øÀÚ¸¦ °üÂûÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ(°üÂûÇϸé ÀÌ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿À°¨Áß½ÉÀû °üÂûÀ̹ǷΠ¾çÀÚ¿ªÇÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °íÀü¿ªÇÐÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÌµé ¾çÀÚµéÀº ¿¬¼Ó¼ºÀÇ
¾ç¸³¼º(Õר¡àõ)ÀÌ µÇ¾î Á¤ÁöµÇ¾î º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù), ÇϳªÀÇ ¿øÀÚ´Â °ÅÀÇ °°Àº °Å¸®¿¡¼ ÇϳªÀÇ ¹Ú½º ¿ÞÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ¿À¸¥ ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ
ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÀÌµé ¿ÞÂʰú ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿øÀÚÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇϸé ÀÌ ¶§ ÃÊÀ§Ä¡°¡ ºØ±«(collapse)µÇ¾î ¿øÀÚ´Â Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î
¿ÞÂÊÀÌ´øÁö ¿À¸¥ÂÊÀÌ´øÁö¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù(No matter how you look at the equations of quantum theory,
they allow a tiny object to behave in ways that defy intuition. For example,
such an object can be in "superposition": It can have two mutually exclusive
properties at the same time. The mathematics of quantum theory says that an
atom, for example, can be on the left side of a box and the right side of the
box at the very same instant, as long as the atom is undisturbed and unobserved.
But as soon as an observer opens the box and tries to spot where the atom is,
the superposition collapses and the atom instantly "chooses" whether to be on
the right or the left).
ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº 80³â Àü¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ¾ÆÁ÷ È®Á¤ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Erwin
Schrodinger´Â À̸¦ ¹ÝÀº »ì¾ÆÀÖ°í ¹ÝÀº Á×Àº °í¾çÀ̷ΠǥÇöÇß´Ù. À̸¦ SchroedingerÀÇ ÇÙ °í¾çÀÌ(Nuclear Cat)¶ó
ÇÑ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î °üÂûÇϱâ Àü±îÁö´Â °í¾çÀ̰¡ »ì¾Æ ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í Á×¾î ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. È®·üÀº 50:50ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº
"Á¸Àç(is)"ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ º¯È ½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÅë ¼¼°è¿¡¼´Â ÇϳªÀÇ °´Ã¼´Â °íüÀûÀÎ ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼³»ç °¡½ºÀÇ ±¸¸§Ãþµµ ´ç±¸°ø°°Àº
¼ö¸¹Àº µüµüÇÑ ¹æ¿ï·Î ¼³¸íµÇ¾îÁø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé °íüÀûÀÎ ¹æ¿ïµéÀº Á¤È®ÇÑ À§Ä¡¿Í ¼Óµµ¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À§Ä¡¿Í ¼Óµµ¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾çÀÚÀ̷п¡¼´Â ÀÌµé °íüÀûÀÎ ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ±× À¯¸íÇÑ º£¸£³Ê ÇÏÀÌÁ¨º£¸£Å©ÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼ºÀÇ ¿ø¸®(Uncertainty
Principle)´Â ¾çÀÚÀÌ·Ð ¼öÇп¡¼ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀε¥, ¸»Çϱ⸦ »ç¹°ÀÇ À§Ä¡¿Í ¿îµ¿·®(Áú·® x ¼Óµµ)Àº ³Ê¹« ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏ¿©, À§Ä¡¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇϰíÀÚ
ÇÏ¸é ¿îµ¿·®À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ¿îµ¿·®À» Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇϰíÀÚ Çϸé ÀÌ¹Ì ±× ¿øÀÚÀÇ À§Ä¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î À§Ä¡¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±× ÇÑ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÃøÁ¤ °ªÀº Á¤È®ÇÑ °ªÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏ¸é ¾çÀÚ¿ªÇп¡¼´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ ¾î¶² ¾çÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿©µµ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ
°ªÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁø´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ´ÜÁö °°Àº »óÅ¿¡¼ °°Àº ÃøÁ¤À» ¸¹ÀÌ µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÒ ¶§ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ °ªÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁö´Â È®·üÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¯ »ÓÀÌ´Ù(This idea
is almost as unsettling today as it was 80 years ago, when Erwin Schrodinger
ridiculed superposition by describing a half living, half-dead cat. That is
because quantum theory changes what the meaning of "is" is. In the classical
world, an object has a solid reality: Even a cloud of gas is well described by
hard little billiard ball-like pieces, each of which has a well-defined position
and velocity. Quantum theory seems to undermine that solid reality. Indeed, the
famous Uncertainty Principle, which arises directly from the mathematics of
quantum theory, says that objects' positions and momenta are smeary and ill
defined, and gaining knowledge about one implies losing knowledge about the
other).
Ãʱ⠾çÀÚ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ºñ½ÇÁ¦¼º(unreality)À» ´Ù·ç¾ú´Âµ¥ Áï Á¸Àç(is)´Â - ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ
°ø½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çڵ鸵µÇ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °´Ã¼µé - ¿ÜºÎ¿¡ µé¾î³ª´Â ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ °®´Â ½ÇÁ¦ Ȱµ¿ÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇÑ °üÂûÀÚ°¡ ÇϳªÀÇ ÃøÁ¤À» ½ÃµµÇÒ ¶§¸¸
½ÇÁ¦(real)·Î º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ È®·ü ÆÄÀå(probability waves)¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̸¦ ¼ÒÀ§ "ÄÚÆæÇϰÕ
ÇØ¼®(Copenhagen Interpretation)"À̶ó Çϴµ¥, ¸¸¾à ¿©·¯ºÐµéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦´Â °íü¼ºÀÇ °´Ã¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó È®À² ÆÄÀåÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦¶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ»
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¶§ ÀÌ ÄÚÆÒÇÏ°Õ ÇØ¼®Àº Àǹ̸¦ °®°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌ ÄÚÆæÇÏ°Õ ÇØ¼®Àº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¹ýÄ¢À» ÃæºÐÈ÷
¼³¸íÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí Àִµ¥, ±×°Ô ¹Ù·Î ºñ±¹Áö¼º(ÆíÀ缺, nonlocality)ÀÌ´Ù(The early quantum physicists dealt
with this unreality by saying that the "is"--the fundamental objects handled by
the equations of quantum theory--were not actually particles that had an
extrinsic reality but "probability waves" that merely had the capability of
becoming "real" when an observer makes a measurement. This so-called Copenhagen
Interpretation makes sense, if you're willing to accept that reality is
probability waves and not solid objects. Even so, it still doesn't sufficiently
explain another weirdness of quantum theory: nonlocality).
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[±×¸² : CREDIT: RIMMA GERLOVINA AND VALERIY GERLOVIN "TWO
EGGS" ? 2002, C-PRINT. COURTESY ROBERT BROWN GALLERY, WASHINGTON, D.C. Ãâó :
Science]
1935³â¿¡ ¾ÆÀν¬Å¸ÀÎÀº ÀÏ¹Ý »ó½ÄÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¸¦ ¶° ¿Ã·È´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ç°í ½ÇÇè¿¡¼ µÎ
°³ÀÇ ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ¼·Î ¶³¾îÁ® ³¯´Ù°¡(ºñÇàÇÏ´Ù°¡) ÀºÇϰèÀÇ ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¹Ý´ëÆí ³¡¿¡¼ ºñÇàÀ» ¸¶Ä£´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̶§ µÎ °³ÀÇ ÀÔÀÚµéÀº
¾ôÈû(entangled) Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ´Âµ¥ - ¾çÀÚ¿ªÇÐ Àǹ̷Π¿¬°áµÈ - ±×·¡¼ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÔÀÚ´Â ¼·Î ½ÖµÕÀÌÀÎ °Íó·³ ´À³¢°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ ÇϳªÀÇ
ÀÔÀÚ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¸é ´Ù¸¥ ÀÔÀÚ´Â Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤µÈ ÀÔÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¯ÇüÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¸¶Ä¡ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ±¤ÇÒÇÑ Áö¿ªÀ» ³Ñ¾î ½ÖµÕÀÌ ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ¼·Î Åë½ÅÇÏ´Â
°Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º, nonlocality)À̶ó Çϴµ¥, ¾çÀÚÀÌ·Ð ¼öÇÐÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ¸ç ½ÇÁ¦ ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼ ÁõºùµÇ±âµµ
Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ È°µ¿Àº °Å¸®(distance)¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏ°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ½Ã°£ÀÇ È帧À» ¹«½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÔÀÚµéÀº ½ÇÁ¦ ¾ôÈû Çö»óÀÌ ÃøÁ¤µÈ ÈÄ¿¡
¾ôÈ÷°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(In 1935, Einstein came up with a scenario that still defies common
sense. In his thought experiment, two particles fly away from each other and
wind up at opposite ends of the galaxy. But the two particles happen to be
"entangled"--linked in a quantum-mechanical sense--so that one particle
instantly "feels" what happens to its twin. Measure one, and the other is
instantly transformed by that measurement as well; it's as if the twins
mystically communicate, instantly, over vast regions of space. This
"nonlocality" is a mathematical consequence of quantum theory and has been
measured in the lab. The spooky action apparently ignores distance and the flow
of time; in theory, particles can be entangled after their entanglement has
already been measured).
±×·¯³ª ¾î´À ÇÑ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ º¸¸é ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÔÀº ÀüÇô ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¼öÇÐÀû ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿öÅ©´Â
±×·² µíÇϰí ÀÌ ±â¹¦ÇÑ ¸ðµç Çö»óÀ» ¼¼úÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¿ì¸® Àΰ£ÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ø½Ä¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é ¾î¶»°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀΰ¡?
±×·¡¼ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì "ÀÔ ´ÚÄ¡°í °è»êÀ̳ª Ç϶ó" ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù(On one
level, the weirdness of quantum theory isn't a problem at all. The mathematical
framework is sound and describes all these bizarre phenomena well. If we humans
can't imagine a physical reality that corresponds to our equations, so what?
That attitude has been called the "shut up and calculate" interpretation of
quantum mechanics. But to others, our difficulties in wrapping our heads around
quantum theory hint at greater truths yet to be understood).
µÎ ¹øÂ° ±×·ìÀÇ ¸î ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ ÇÙ½ÉÀ» Ç®±â À§ÇØ ½ÇÇè µðÀÚÀο¡ ¿ÁßÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº
¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾çÀÚ ÃÊÀ§Ä¡(superpositions)·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ºØ±«½ÃŰ´ÂÁö Å×½ºÆ®¸¦ ½Ç½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¾çÀÚÀ̷п¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» ÁÙ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿Ö Ä¿´Ù¶õ °Å½Ã¼¼°è¿Í ¹Ì½Ã¼¼°è°¡ ¿Ö ´Ù¸¥Áö¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾çÀÚÀ̷аú °ü·ÃµÈ ¸¹Àº À̷еé, ÃÊÀ§Ä¡,
¾ôÈû, ¹× ´Ù¸¥ Çö»óµéÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ë·ÂµéÀº ¾î´À³¯Àΰ¡ ¾ÆÀν¬Å¸ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý "½ÅÀº ÁÖ»çÀ§ ³îÀ̸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù"¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ
ÀÌ ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÀ» ¶Ù¾î ³Ñ¾î »õ·Î¿î ¹ýÄ¢À» ã°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Some physicists in the second group are busy
trying to design experiments that can get to the heart of the weirdness of
quantum theory. They are slowly testing what causes quantum superpositions to
"collapse"--research that may gain insight into the role of measurement in
quantum theory as well as into why big objects behave so differently from small
ones. Others are looking for ways to test various explanations for the
weirdnesses of quantum theory, such as the "many worlds" interpretation, which
explains superposition, entanglement, and other quantum phenomena by positing
the existence of parallel universes. Through such efforts, scientists might hope
to get beyond the discomfort that led Einstein to declare that "[God] does not
play dice.")
22. È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an Effective
HIV Vaccine Feasible?)
[¿ä¾à] ¿¡ÀÌÁî(AIDS, ÈÄõ¼º¸é¿ª°áÇÌÁõ, ýô¸àõØóæ¹ÌÀù¹ñø, Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome) ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¿¡ÀÌÁ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus) ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÀÇ ³»ºÎ¸¦ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î³»°í
Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´ÂÁö Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ À̵éÀº ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º Àü¿°À» ¸·¾ÆÁÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡
´ëÇØ¼± ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹é½Å ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº Á¶¸¸°£ À̸¦ ÇØ°áÇÒ È®°íÇÑ ½Ç¸¶¸®¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù(Although AIDS
researchers have turned HIV inside out and carefully detailed how it destroys
the immune system, they have yet to unravel which immune responses can fend off
an infection. Yet AIDS vaccine researchers have solid reasons to believe they
can succeed).
Áö³ 20³â°£ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀÌ AIDSÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î HIV¸¦ ¹àÇô³½ ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¿ª»ç»ó ¾î¶² ¹é½Åº¸´Ùµµ ¿¡ÀÌÁî
¹é½ÅÀ» ã´Âµ¥ »ó´çÇÑ ±Ý¾×ÀÌ ÅõÀÚµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¸³º¸°Ç¿ø¸¸ º¸´õ¶óµµ ¸Å³â 5¾ï ´Þ·¯¸¦ ÅõÀÚÇϰí ÀÖ°í, ±× °á°ú 50¿© °¡ÁöÀÇ ¹é½ÅµéÀÌ
ÀÓ»ó½ÇÇè¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸Å³â ¼ö¹é¸¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ »õ·Î¿î HIV Àü¿°À» ¿¹¹æÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ AIDS ¹é½ÅÀÇ °³¹ßÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ä¿øÇÑ
²Þ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù(In the 2 decades since researchers identified HIV as the cause of AIDS,
more money has been spent on the search for a vaccine against the virus than on
any vaccine effort in history. The U.S. National Institutes of Health alone
invests nearly $500 million each year, and more than 50 different preparations
have entered clinical trials. Yet an effective AIDS vaccine, which potentially
could thwart millions of new HIV infections each year, remains a distant
dream).
¿¡ÀÌÁî ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¿¡ÀÌÁ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
¹ÙÀÌ·¯½ºÀÇ ³»ºÎ¸¦ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î³»°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´ÂÁö Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ À̵éÀº ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º Àü¿°À»
¸·¾ÆÁÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇϴ°¡ Çϸé, ÇÑ °¡ÁöÀÇ AIDS ¹é½ÅÀ» °³¹ßÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº À̹Ì
10³â Àü¿¡µµ À¯¸íÇØÁ³Áö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌ ¿¡ÀÌÁî ºÐ¾ß´Â "³ªÄ§¹Ý ¾øÀÌ Ç¥·ùÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù"(Although AIDS researchers have
turned the virus inside-out and carefully detailed how it destroys the immune
system, they have yet to unravel which immune responses can fend off an
infection. That means, as one AIDS vaccine researcher famously put it more than
a decade ago, the field is "flying without a compass.")
¸î¸î ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀº HIV¸¦ ¸·¾ÆÁÙ ¹é½ÅÀº ¾ø´Ù´Âµ¥ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. À̵éÀº ±× ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º´Â ³Ê¹« ºü¸£°Ô
Àڱ⺹Á¦¸¦ ÇÏ°í º¹Á¦½Ã ³Ê¹« ¸¹Àº ¹Ì½ºÅ×ÀÌÅ©(½Ç¼ö)¸¦ ¹üÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾î¶² ¹é½Åµµ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ HIV¸¦ ¸·À» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
°Ô´Ù°¡ HIV ½º½º·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª °ø°ÝÀ» ÇÇÇÒ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» °³¹ßÇϰí Àִµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é À̵é HIV´Â Ç¥¸é ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ´çÀ¸·Î À§ÀåÇÏ¿©
Ç×ü·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Ãë¾àÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» ¼û±â°í ´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷ Àü»ç(±º´ë)µéÀÇ »ý»êÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» »ý»êÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀº ÁöÀûÇϱ⸦
¹é½Å °³¹ßÀÚµéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î Áغñ¸¦ ÇÏ´Â HIV¿Í °°Àº º´¿ø±Õ¿¡ ´ëÇØ º°´Ù¸¥ ¼º°ú¸¦ °ÅµÎÁö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é,
¸»¶ó¸®¾Æ ±â»ýÃæ, °£¿° C ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º, °áÇÙ ¼¼±Õ µîÀ» ±× ÁÖ¿ä ¿¹·Î µé°í ÀÖ´Ù(Some skeptics contend that no
vaccine will ever stop HIV. They argue that the virus replicates so quickly and
makes so many mistakes during the process that vaccines can't possibly fend off
all the types of HIV that exist. HIV also has developed sophisticated mechanisms
to dodge immune attack, shrouding its surface protein in sugars to hide
vulnerable sites from antibodies and producing proteins that thwart production
of other immune warriors. And the skeptics point out that vaccine developers
have had little success against pathogens like HIV that routinely outwit the
immune system--the malaria parasite, hepatitis C virus, and the tuberculosis
bacillus are prime examples).
ÇÏÁö¸¸ AIDS ¹é½Å ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¹é½Å °³¹ß¿¡ ¼º°øÇÒ È®°íÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ø¼þÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀº ¹é½ÅµéÀÌ
HIVÀÇ ¿ø¼þÀÌ »çÃ̰ÝÀÎ SIV·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¿¹°µéÀ» º¸È£Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ ¿¬±¸µéÀº HIV¿¡ ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÃâµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Å¿øÀ»
ÆÄ¾ÇÇߴµ¥ À̵éÀº ÀüÇô ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ Àü¿°ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ̸ç, ÀÌ´Â ºÐ¸í Àΰ£¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÌ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ ÁßÁö½Ãų ¹«¾ð°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ï½ÃÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ µé Áß ¼Ò¼ö´Â ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ Àü¿°µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ °áÄÚ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Áõ»óÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ º¸À¯ÇÑ ¸î¸î »ç¶÷µé(º¸±ÕÀÚ)Àº
±×µéÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÔ±â Àü 10³â ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹öƼ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¸î¸î Ç×üµéÀº Æ©ºê ½ÇÇè Å×½ºÆ®¿¡¼ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ ´ëÇØ
¸Å¿ì °·ÂÇÑ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Çµµ ¹àÇô ³½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Yet AIDS vaccine researchers have solid reasons
to believe they can succeed. Monkey experiments have shown that vaccines can
protect animals from SIV, a simian relative of HIV. Several studies have
identified people who repeatedly expose themselves to HIV but remain uninfected,
suggesting that something is stopping the virus. A small percentage of people
who do become infected never seem to suffer any harm, and others hold the virus
at bay for a decade or more before showing damage to their immune systems.
Scientists also have found that some rare antibodies do work powerfully against
the virus in test tube experiments).
óÀ½¿¡ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº HIV Ç¥¸é ´Ü¹éÁú¿¡ Ç×ü »ý»êÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¹é½ÅÀ» µðÀÚÀÎÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ âÃâÇØ³Â´Ù.
ÀÌ Á¢±ÙÀº ¸Å¿ì Èñ¸ÁÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¿´´Âµ¥ ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â HIV´Â Ç¥¸é ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹éÇ÷±¸°¡ µé¾î¿ÀÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ºøÀåÀ» °É¾î Àá±×°í Àü¿°À»
ÆÛ¶ß¸®±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿À·ÎÁö HIV Ç¥¸é ´Ü¹éÁú¸¸À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¹é½ÅµéÀº µ¿¹°µé°ú Æ©ºêÅ×½ºÆ®¿¡¼ º° È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾î º¸¿´À¸¸ç ´ë´ÜÀ§
ÀÓ»ó½ÇÇè¿¡¼ º° °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÁõºùµÇ¾ú´Ù(At the start, researchers pinned their hopes on
vaccines designed to trigger production of antibodies against HIV's surface
protein. The approach seemed promising because HIV uses the surface protein to
latch onto white blood cells and establish an infection. But vaccines that only
contained HIV's surface protein looked lackluster in animal and test tube
studies, and then proved worthless in large-scale clinical trials).
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[±×¸² : CREDIT: REUTERS/CORBIS. Ãâó : Science]
±×·¯¹Ç·Î Áö±Ý ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ´Ù¸¥ Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â Á¢±ÙÀ» Á¶»ç ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. HIV°¡ Ç×ü¸¦ ¹æÇØÇϰí
Àü¿°Åë·Î¸¦ ¿¶§, ¹éÇ÷±¸ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ µÎ ¹øÂ° ¹æ¾î ±º´ëÀÎ ¸é¿ª¼¼Æ÷(cellular immunity)·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Ưº°È÷ HIV°¡ Àü¿°µÈ ¼¼Æ÷µéÀ»
Ç¥ÀûÇÏ¿© Á¦°ÅÅä·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸î¸î ¹é½ÅµéÀÌ Áö±Ý ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÆøÇ³ÀÇ ±º´ëÀΠų·¯ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷(killer immune
cells)µéÀÇ »ý»êÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Å×½ºÆ® ÁßÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷µé¿¡´Â ¿©·¯ Á¾·ù°¡ Àִµ¥, ¸Ô¾î Ä¡¿ì´Â
´ë½Ä¼¼Æ÷(macrophages), ÈÇи޽ÅÀú ¸é¿ª¹°ÁúÀÎ »çÀÌÅäÄ«ÀÎ(cytokines), ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¿¬»ìÇØ¼¼Æ÷(natural killer
cells) µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù(Now, researchers are intensely investigating other approaches. When
HIV manages to thwart antibodies and establish an infection, a second line of
defense, cellular immunity, specifically targets and eliminates HIV-infected
cells. Several vaccines which are now being tested aim to stimulate production
of killer cells, the storm troopers of the cellular immune system. But cellular
immunity involves other players--such as macrophages, the network of chemical
messengers called cytokines, and so-called natural killer cells--that have
received scant attention).
Ç×ü º£À̽ºÀÇ ¹é½Å ¶ÇÇÑ Àü¼º±â¸¦ ÇâÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº »ç½Ç»ó µÚ·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. Áï,
HIVÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÎ Ç׿ø(antigens)À» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ À̵éÀÌ À̲ø¾î³»´Â Ç×ü¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº Æ©ºê Å×½ºÆ®
½ÇÇè¿¡¼ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ Àü¿°µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ HIV Àü¿°À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÈ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ 12°¡Áö ÀÌ»óÀÇ Ç×ü¸¦ ºÐ¸®Çس´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¶¸¸°£ ¾î¶² ƯÁ¤
Ç׿øµéÀÌ Ç×ü »ý»êÀ» µ¶·ÁÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(The hunt for an antibody-based vaccine also is going
through something of a renaissance, although it's requiring researchers to think
backward. Vaccine researchers typically start with antigens--in this case,
pieces of HIV--and then evaluate the antibodies they elicit. But now researchers
have isolated more than a dozen antibodies from infected people that have
blocked HIV infection in test tube experiments. The trick will be to figure out
which specific antigens triggered their production).
ÇöÀç °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ½ÃµµµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö Àü·«Àº AIDS ¹é½ÅÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Ç×üÀÇ »ý»ê»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸é¿ª
¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ »ý»ê±îÁö ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÁÖ¿ä ÇÙ½ÉÀº HIV °¡ Ưº°È÷ ħÅõÇÏ´Â Á¡¾× Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç
ÇϳªÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾Æ¹«µµ ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖ´Â ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀ(an immune response)À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´äÀº ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ
À¯ÀüÀû º¯ÀÌ»çÀÌÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú¸¦ º¸¸é HIV Àü¿°À̳ª º´¿¡ °¡Àå °É¸®±â ½¬¿î »ç¶÷À̳ª À̵鿡 °¡Àå °·ÂÇÑ
ÀúÇ×·ÂÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ °ÇÏ°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(It could well be that a
successful AIDS vaccine will need to stimulate both the production of antibodies
and cellular immunity, a strategy many are attempting to exploit. Perhaps the
key will be stimulating immunity at mucosal surfaces, where HIV typically
enters. It's even possible that researchers will discover an immune response
that no one knows about today. Or perhaps the answer lies in the interplay
between the immune system and human genetic variability: Studies have
highlighted genes that strongly influence who is most susceptible--and who is
most resistant--to HIV infection and disease).
¾îµð¿¡ ´äÀÌ ÀÖ´øÁö ÅëÂû·ÂÀº ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ ½±°Ô ±¼º¹ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¼ö¹é¸¸ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ¾Ñ¾Æ°¡´Â
HIV¿Í °°Àº Áúº´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹é½ÅÀÇ °³¹ß¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Áúº´À» À§ÇØ ¹é½ÅÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ´Â °³¹ßÀÚµéÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ´äÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥
°÷µµ »ìÆìº¼ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ¿¡ÀÌÁî ¹é½Å ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ Áöµµ´Â ¸é¿ª ·ÎÁ÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ ¿µ¿ªµµ Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â Á¤¸» °¡Ä¡¸¦ ¸Å±æ ¼ö
¾ø´Â ±ÍÁßÇÑ ÀÚ·á°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Wherever the answer lies, the insights could help in the
development of vaccines against other diseases that, like HIV, don't easily
succumb to immune attack and that kill millions of people. Vaccine developers
for these diseases will probably also have to look in unusual places for
answers. The maps created by AIDS vaccine researchers currently exploring
uncharted immunologic terrain could prove invaluable).
23. ¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the
Greenhouse World Be?)
[¿ä¾à] Áö±¸°¡ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È ±×¸®°í ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¾ó¸¶³ª ¶ß°Å¿öÁú °ÍÀΰ¡´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ´ë±â¿¡ ³»»Õ´Â
¿Â½Ç °¡½º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾ó¸¶³ª ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¿¹¹ÎÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº °á±¹ ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ Á¼Èú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù(How hot the planet gets in coming decades and centuries will
depend on just how sensitively the climate system responds to the greenhouse
gases we're pumping into the atmosphere. Researchers are finally beginning to
tighten up the range of possible sensitivities, at least at one end).
°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÃÖ±Ù ¼¼°è°¡ ´õ¿öÁö°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¾È´Ù. À̵éÀº ÀÌ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¿Â³È¸¦ ¾ß±â½ÃŰ´Â °¡Àå Å« ¿øÀÎÀ»
Àΰ£À̶ó ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¼ö½Ê ³â ¹× ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ÀÌ Áö±¸¸¦ ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ ¶ß°Ì°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀÌ °ÍÀº °ø±â, ¹Ù´Ù, ¾óÀ½, ¶¥
±×¸®°í »ý¸í µîÀÇ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿ì¸®°¡ ´ë±â¿¡ ³»»Õ´Â ¿Â³È °¡½º¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¿¹¹ÎÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÅä·Ï ÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. Áö³ 25³â
µ¿¾È Àü¹®°¡µéÀÇ ±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀǰßÀº ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ȼ®¿¬·áÀÇ ¿¬¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀÌ»êÈź¼Ò, È»ê ÀÜÇØ, žçÀÇ È帲 µî°ú °°Àº ÇϳªÀÇ ±âÈÄ
¿äÀÎÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ ¿äÀο¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸Å¿ì ³¯Ä«·Ó°Ô °æ°í¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ±âÈĶõ ¿ö³« ±î´Ù·Ó´Ù´Â Á¡À» ¸ðµÎ ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â À̵é
Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ¾î´À ÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Â³È°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¿À·ÎÁö Æò±ÕÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶±Ý ÀÌ»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ °æ°í¸¦ Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±âÈĶõ
»ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ¹ÝÀÀÀûÀ̶ó´Â Á¡µµ ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. ±×¸¸Å ¿¹¹ÎÇÑ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù(Scientists
know that the world has warmed lately, and they believe humankind is behind most
of that warming. But how far might we push the planet in coming decades and
centuries? That depends on just how sensitively the climate system--air, oceans,
ice, land, and life--responds to the greenhouse gases we're pumping into the
atmosphere. For a quarter-century, expert opinion was vague about climate
sensitivity. Experts allowed that climate might be quite touchy, warming sharply
when shoved by one climate driver or another, such as the carbon dioxide from
fossil fuel burning, volcanic debris, or dimming of the sun. On the other hand,
the same experts conceded that climate might be relatively unresponsive, warming
only modestly despite a hard push toward the warm side).
±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰí ÇÏ¸é ´çÀå ³ª°¡ Á÷Á¢ ±âÈĸ¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí
±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨Àº ÇϳªÀÇ ±×¸²À» ±×·Á³»¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµç ¸ðµ¨Àº ±× ÀÚüÀÇ ¹Î°¨µµ¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °¢°¢ÀÇ ¸ðµ¨Àº ½ÇÁ¦ ¼¼°èÀÇ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ»
¸ð»ç(facsimile)ÇÒ ¶§ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º¿¡ µû¶ó º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ¸ð»ç ¼ø°£ÀÇ ±×¸²Àº ÀÌ¹Ì °ú°Å¶ó´Â
Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ »óȲÀº ÀÌ¹Ì º¯ÈµÈ »óȲÀ̶ó´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±× °á°ú ±âÈÄ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿À·¡ µ¿¾È ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ ¿µ¿ªÀ» ÁöÀûÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ¿Â½Ç °¡½º ÀÌ»êÈ
ź¼ÒÀÇ µÎ ¹è Áõ°¡´Â, ÀÌ´Â À̹ø ¼¼±â¿¡ µé¾î¿Í ¹ß»ýµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÇ´Âµ¥, ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Æò±Õ 1.5µµ¿Í ¸¹°Ô´Â 4.5µµ »çÀÌ Á¤µµ·Î Áö±¸ÀÇ ¿Âµµ¸¦
³ôÀÌ°Ô µÈ ²ÃÀÌ µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ÂµµÀÇ ¹üÀ§´Â, ÃʱâÀÇ µÎ °³ÀÇ ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ¿© ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀε¥, 1979³â¿¡ µîÀåÇß°í ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¸Å¹ø
ÁÖ¿ä ±âÈÄ ÃøÁ¤ Æò°¡ ½Ã¿¡ ÀοëµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù(The problem with climate sensitivity is that you can't
just go out and directly measure it. Sooner or later a climate model must enter
the picture. Every model has its own sensitivity, but each is subject to all the
uncertainties inherent in building a hugely simplified facsimile of the
real-world climate system. As a result, climate scientists have long quoted the
same vague range for sensitivity: A doubling of the greenhouse gas carbon
dioxide, which is expected to occur this century, would eventually warm the
world between a modest 1.5°C and a whopping 4.5°C. This range--based on just two
early climate models--first appeared in 1979 and has been quoted by every major
climate assessment since).
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CREDIT: PASCAL LE SEGRETAIN/GETTY IMAGES. Ãâó : Science]
¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº °á±¹ Àû¾îµµ ÇѰ¡Áö ¹üÀ§¿¡¼(ÃÖ°í ¿Âµµ) °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ Á¼È÷±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÇѰ¡Áö
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é 5%-95%ÀÇ ½Å·ÚµµÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµ¨µéÀÇ ¹Î°¨µµµé·Î ÀÌ´Â 1.5µµ¿¡¼ 4.5µµÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ ¹üÀ§¿¡ µé°Ô ¸¸µç °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸î¸î
¸ðµ¨µéÀº 4.5¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ½Ãµµ°¡ ÃßÁøµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ±¸¸§ Ȱµ¿°ú °°Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ º¯¼öµéÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀÏ
¸ðµ¨·Î¼, Æò±ÕÄ¡°¡ 3.2µµ·Î 2.4µµ¿Í 5.4µµ ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ¹Î°¨µµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ´Ù(Researchers are finally
beginning to tighten up the range of possible sensitivities, at least at one
end. For one, the sensitivities of the available models (5% to 95% confidence
range) are now falling within the canonical range of 1.5°C to 4.5°C; some had
gone considerably beyond the high end. And the first try at a new
approach--running a single model while varying a number of model parameters such
as cloud behavior--has produced a sensitivity range of 2.4°C to 5.4°Cwith a most
probable value of 3.2°C).
ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ðµ¨Àº ±×Àú ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ ÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀ» ¿î¿µÇÑ´Ù¸é ¾ó¸¶³ª ³ª¾ÆÁú±î?
°í°í±âÈÄÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿Â½Ç °¡½º°°Àº ±âÈÄ ¿äÀεéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸Õ °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯ÈµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Â°¡¿Í ±× ¶§ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇß´ÂÁö¸¦ ¿¬±¸Çϰí
ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ÀÚ¿¬Àº ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¿Â³È¸¦ À§ÇØ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ¾Æ³¯·Î±×¸¦ ¿î¿µÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸· ºùÇÏ½Ã´ë µ¿¾È ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ÀÌ»êÈź¼Ò ³óÃàÀÌ ¶³¾îÁ³´ÂÁö?
¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº žç È帲ÀÌ Çʸ®ÇÉÀÇ Mount Pinatubo»êÀÇ À¶±â·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö´Â Ç×»ó ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ °í°í±âÈÄ ¿¹Ãø
µ¥ÀÌÅÍ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î 3µµÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ ¹üÀ§¿¡ µé¾î¿Â´Ù(Models are only models, however. How much better if
nature ran the experiment? Enter paleoclimatologists, who sort out how climate
drivers such as greenhouse gases have varied naturally in the distant past and
how the climate system of the time responded. Nature, of course, has never run
the perfect analog for the coming greenhouse warming. And estimating how much
carbon dioxide concentrations fell during the depths of the last ice age or how
much sunlight debris from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines
blocked will always have lingering uncertainties. But paleoclimate estimates of
climate sensitivity generally fall in the canonical range, with a best estimate
in the region of 3°C).
°¡´ÉÇÑ ±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ ÃÖÀúÄ¡°¡ º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× °ÍÀº 1.5µµ ÀÌÇÏ·Î ³»·Á°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº
¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼öÄ¡´Â ¸î¸î ¿Â½Ç ¹Ý´ë·ÐÀÚµéÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â »ç¼ÒÇÑ ¿Â³È¸¦ ¹èÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±âÈÄ ¹Î°¨µµÀÇ °è»êÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÃÖ°íÄ¡ ¿Âµµ¿¡¼´Â ÆÛÁö
¿µ¿ª¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. Áö³ °ú°Å ¼¼±â¿¡ °üÂûµÈ ±âÈÄ º¯È¿¡ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ̰í Àηù¹ß»ý·ÐÀûÀÎ ±âÈÄ ¿äÀεéÀ» ´õÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ÀÚ·á´Â 4.5µµ¸¦ ³ÑÀ» È®·üÀÌ
30%ÀÓÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À̶§ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿Âµµ´Â 9µµ±îÁö Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ÃÖ±Ù ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ðµ¨ º¯¼öµéÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù ¿¬±¸ÀÚ·á´Â ¹Î°¨µµ°¡ 11µµ±îÁö ¿Ã¶ó°¨À»
º¸¿©ÁÖ°í Àִµ¥, À̵é ÀúÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ÃÖ°íÄ¡ÀÎ 9µµ±îÁö º¯ÈÇßÀ»¶§ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀϾ °ÍÀÎÁö ¸»À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ±âÈÄ
¸ðµ¨ÀÌ º¹»çÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁöÁúÇÐÀû °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÃÖ°íÄ¡ÀÇ ¿Â³È ½Ã´ë¸¦ ÁöÀûÇϰí Àִµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¹Ù·Î ¹«¾ð°¡ ºüÁø ±âÈÄ ¸ðµ¨µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ±âÈÄ
½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ À§ÇèÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ» ¶æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(The lower end at least of likely climate
sensitivity does seem to be firming up; it's not likely below 1.5°C, say
researchers. That would rule out the negligible warmings proposed by some
greenhouse contrarians. But climate sensitivity calculations still put a fuzzy
boundary on the high end. Studies drawing on the past century's observed climate
change plus estimates of natural and anthropogenic climate drivers yield up to
30% probabilities of sensitivities above 4.5°C, ranging as high as 9°C. The
latest study that varies model parameters allows sensitivities up to 11°C, with
the authors contending that they can't yet say what the chances of such extremes
are. Others are pointing to times of extreme warmth in the geologic past that
climate models fail to replicate, suggesting that there's a dangerous element to
the climate system that the models do not yet contain).
±âÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ÀÛ¾÷À» Àá½Ã Áß´ÜÇß´Ù. ±âÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼ºÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¼Ò½ºÀÎ
±¸¸§ ¹× ¿¬¹«Áú µîÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµ¨¸µ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 10-15³â Àü¿¡ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¸»Çϱ⸦ ÀÌ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ±¸ÃàÇϴµ¥ 10-15³âÀÌ
°É¸± °ÍÀ̶ó Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¶¸¸°£ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸®¶ó´Â ¡Á¶´Â º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À̵éÀº ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Ãæ½Çµµ¸¦ ³ô¿©¾ß ÇÏ°í °¡´ÉÇÑ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃ ÆÄ¿ì¾î¸¦
ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÁÖ¾îÁø Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ³ô¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °ú°ÅÀÇ ±âÈÄ º¯È¿Í ±× ¿äÀεéÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÃßÃâÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯´Â
µ¿¾È, ȼ® ¿¬·á ¿¡³ÊÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ½Å¼ÓÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö À̵¿ÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀº ÀÌ»êÈź¼ÒÀÇ ¹è Áõ°¡ - ¾Æ´Ï ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ Áõ°¡´Â ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Climate researchers have their work cut out for them. They must
inject a better understanding of clouds and aerosols--the biggest sources of
uncertainty--into their modeling. Ten or 15 years ago, scientists said that
would take 10 or 15 years; there's no sign of it happening anytime soon. They
must increase the fidelity of models, a realistic goal given the continued
acceleration of affordable computing power. And they must retrieve more and
better records of past climate changes and their drivers. Meanwhile, unless a
rapid shift away from fossil fuel use occurs worldwide, a doubling of carbon
dioxide--and more--will be inevitable).
24. °ª½Ñ ¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace
Cheap Oil--and When?)
[¿ä¾à] ¿¡³ÊÁö À§±â¸¦ ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¦ ¶§¿¡ ¾î¶² ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¹ß°ßµÉ °ÍÀÎÁö´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ ¿ì¼± ¼øÀ§¸¦ µÎ¾î
ÁýÁß ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿©±â¿¡´Â °úÇÐÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´øÁ®ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±Û·Î¹úÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡Àû µ¿Àǰ¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù(Whether
alternative energy sources will be found in time to avoid an energy crunch
depends in part on how high a priority we give energy research and development.
And it will require a global political consensus on what the science is telling
us).
°ú°ÅÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡¼ »õ·Î¿î ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÚ¿ø±îÁöÀÇ ·Îµå¸¦ º¸¸é ¿ïÅüºÒÅüÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¡³ÊÁö
ÀüÀÌ(transitions)´Â °ú°Å¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¿Ô´Ù. õ³â°£ÀÇ ³ª¹« ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Áö³ª »çȸ´Â ¼®Åº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Ãß°¡Çß°í Áß·ÂÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ
¼öÀÚ¿ø¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Ãß°¡Çß´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ »ê¾÷ Çõ¸íÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¼®À¯°¡ µµÂøÇß°í À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ À°ÇذøÀÇ ±³Åë¼ö´ÜÀÌ ¹øÃ¢Çß´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´çºÐ°£ ´ÙÀ½
´Ù·®ÀÇ ¼®Åº¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¾îµð¿¡¼ ¿Í¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö? ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»ê¿¡¼ÀÇ Æø¹ßÀû ¼ºÀåÀÌ ÀÌ ¼¼°è¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» ´øÁ®ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö °ÆÁ¤ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù(The
road from old to new energy sources can be bumpy, but the transitions have gone
pretty smoothly in the past. After millennia of dependence on wood, society
added coal and gravitydriven water to the energy mix. Industrialization took
off. Oil arrived, and transportation by land and air soared, with hardly a worry
about where the next log or lump of coal was coming from, or what the explosive
growth in energy production might be doing to the world).
±×·±µ¥ ½Ã°£ÀÌ º¯Çß´Ù. ¼®À¯°¡°ÝÀÌ ÃµÁ¤ºÎÁö·Î ¿À¸£°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ºÏ±Ø°ú ³²±ØÀÇ ºùÇϰ¡ ³ì±â ½ÃÀÛÇß°í ±×
°á°ú ±Û·Î¹ú ¿ÂµµÀÇ ¼öÀºÁÖ´Â ¿Ã¶ó°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. °ú°Åó·³ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀüÀ̰¡ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ°Ô ÀüÀÌµÉ ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ëÀÇ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀüÀÌ´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡
ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. (1) ¾ðÁ¦ ¼®À¯ »ý»êÀÇ Á¤Á¡ÀÌ µµ·¡ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? (2) ¿ì¸®°¡ ȼ® ¿¬·á(fossil fuels)¸¦ Å¿òÀ¸·Î½á ´ë±â¿¡
³»»Õ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ»êÈź¼Ò¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ±âÈÄ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡? (3) ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÚ¿øµéÀÌ Á¤¸» ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇϰÔ
µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äÀº °úÇбâ¼ú¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸ ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÉ °ÍÀΰ¡?(Times have
changed. The price of oil has been climbing, and ice is melting around both
poles as the mercury in the global thermometer rises. Whether the next big
energy transition will be as smooth as past ones will depend in large part on
three sets of questions: When will world oil production peak? How sensitive is
Earth's climate to the carbon dioxide we are pouring into the atmosphere by
burning fossil fuels? And will alternative energy sources be available at
reasonable costs? The answers rest on science and technology, but how society
responds will be firmly in the realm of politics).
¼¼°è´Â Á¶¸¸°£ ¼®À¯ ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ °í°¥ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â µ¥ ¸ðµÎ°¡ µ¿ÀÇÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ³íÀïÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ
Áö¼ÓÀûÀÌ´Ù. ¼®À¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Û·Î¹ú ¼ö¿ä´Â ¸Å³â 1-2% »ó½ÂÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ Áö±¸ ¶¥¿¡¼ ¸ÅÃʸ¶´Ù 1,000 ¹è·²ÀÇ ¼®À¯¸¦ »Ì¾Æ(»ý»ê) ³»°í
ÀÖ´Ù. ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀº - ´ëºÎºÐ ¼®À¯ ȸ»ç Ãâ½ÅÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀÌÁö¸¸ - Á¶¸¸°£ ¼®À¯ »ý»êÀÌ Á¤Á¡¿¡ À̸¦ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ
ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚÀÎ M. King Hubbert°¡ 1956³â¿¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ³» ¼®À¯»ý»êÀÌ 1970³â¿¡ Á¤Á¡¿¡ À̸¦ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¿¹ÃøÀ» ÁöÀûÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù. °ú°ÅÀÇ ¼®À¯»ý»ê ¹× ¹ß°ßÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ» Âü°íÇÑ ¶È °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î À̵éÀº Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¼®À¯»ý»ê Á¤Á¡ÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 10³â ³»¿¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù. ³«°ü·ÐÀÚµéÀº - ´ëºÎºÐ ÀÚ¿ø °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌÁö¸¸ - ¼®À¯»ý»êÀº ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ¼®À¯°¡ ¶¥¿¡ ¸ÅÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´À³Ä°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î °æÁ¦¿Í Á¤Ä¡º¯¼ö¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¸»Çϱ⸦ ±â¼úÀû Çõ½ÅÀÌ °è¼Ó ÀϾ °ÍÀÌ°í ±×·¡¼ ¼®À¯ »ý»êÀº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¼Õ
Ä¡´õ¶óµµ ´©±¸³ª ¼®À¯»ý»êÀÇ Á¤Á¡ÀÌ ¹Ý¼¼±â ¾È¿¡ µµ·¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì Àüü ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Òºñ·®ÀÇ 40% °¡·®ÀÇ ¼®À¯ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦
´ëüÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °í·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ±âÈÄ º¯È°¡ °Á¶µÇ¸é¼ ºñȼ®¿¬·á(nonfossil fules)·ÎÀÇ ÀüÀ̰¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ±ä±ÞÇÑ
À̽´·Î µîÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(There is little disagreement that the world will soon be running
short of oil. The debate is over how soon. Global demand for oil has been rising
at 1% or 2% each year, and we are now sucking almost 1000 barrels of oil from
the ground every second. Pessimists--mostly former oil company
geologists--expect oil production to peak very soon. They point to American
geologist M. King Hubbert's successful 1956 prediction of the 1970 peak in U.S.
production. Using the same method involving records of past production and
discoveries, they predict a world oil peak by the end of the decade.
Optimists--mostly resource economists--argue that oil production depends more on
economics and politics than on how much happens to be in the ground.
Technological innovation will intervene, and production will continue to rise,
they say. Even so, midcentury is about as far as anyone is willing to push the
peak. That's still "soon" considering that the United States, for one, will need
to begin replacing oil's 40% contribution to its energy consumption by then. And
as concerns about climate change intensify, the transition to nonfossil fuels
could become even more urgent).
¸¸¾à ¼®À¯ °ø±ÞÀÌ Á¶¸¸°£ Á¤Á¡¿¡ À̸£°í ȼ®¿¬·á·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀüÀ̰¡ ±âÈİü·Ã ÁÖ¿ä À̽´°¡ µÈ´Ù¸é, ´Ù¾çÇÑ
´ëü¿¡³ÊÁö °ø±ÞÀº ¾çÂÊ ³¯°³¿¡¼ Áö±Ý ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. žçÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª 86,000 Á¶ ¿ÍÆ®(8°æ6õÁ¶ ¿ÍÆ®) ¶Ç´Â 86,000 Å×¶ó¿ÍÆ®·Î Áö±¸ÀÇ
Ç¥¸éÀ» ÂòÁúÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ·®Àº Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼ ¸Å³â Àΰ£µéÀÌ »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Àüü ¿¡³ÊÁö·®ÀÇ 6,600¹è¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù¶÷,
»ý¹°·®(biomass, ¸ÅÀåµÈ »ý¹°·®), ÇÙ ÆÄ¿ì¾î µîµµ ¶ÇÇÑ Ç³ºÎÇÑ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º¸¸é È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö »ç¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âȸ´Â
¾öû ¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù(If oil supplies do peak soon or climate concerns prompt a major shift
away from fossil fuels, plenty of alternative energy supplies are waiting in the
wings. The sun bathes Earth's surface with 86,000 trillion watts, or terawatts,
of energy at all times, about 6600 times the amount used by all humans on the
planet each year. Wind, biomass, and nuclear power are also plentiful. And there
is no shortage of opportunities for using energy more efficiently).
¹°·Ð ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö ÀÚ¿øÀº ±×µé ³ª¸§´ë·ÎÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÙ ºÐ¿(nuclear fission)
¿ËÈ£·ÐÀÚµéÀº ¿µ¿øÈ÷ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ»ç´É Æó±â¹°(radioactive wastes) 󸮿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀïÀûÀÎ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» ã¾Æ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ´Â
Ã¥ÀÓ°ú ÀÚº» ºñ¿ëÀ̶ó´Â °üÁ¡¿¡¼ Àü±â»ý»ê ±â¾÷µéÀ» À§ÇùÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Àç»ý ÀÚ¿ø(renewable sources)µµ dzºÎÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Àç»ýÀÚ¿øÀº
Àú·ÅÇÑ °¡°Ý¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö ÆÄ¿ì¾î·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â¼ú ºñ¿ëÀÌ ºñ½Î°í ±×¸¸Å ¾î·Á¿î ±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö dz·Â ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â ÁÖ¿ä ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö·Î
ºÎ»óÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ±Û·Î¹úÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ÃàµÈ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼ 400¾ï ¿ÍÆ®(40 ±â°¡¿ÍÆ®) ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ¿© ų·Î¿ÍÆ®´ç 4.5¼¾Æ®¶ó´Â Àú·ÅÇÑ
ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î Àü±â¸¦ °ø±ÞÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Of course, alternative energy sources have their issues.
Nuclear fission supporters have never found a noncontroversial solution for
disposing of long-lived radioactive wastes, and concerns over liability and
capital costs are scaring utility companies off. Renewable energy sources are
diffuse, making it difficult and expensive to corral enough power from them at
cheap prices. So far, wind is leading the way with a global installed capacity
of more than 40 billion watts, or gigawatts, providing electricity for about 4.5
cents per kilowatt hour).
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[±×¸² : CREDIT: JUPITER IMAGES. Source : Science]
Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ ±×·²µíÇÏ°Ô µé¸°´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ±Ô¸ð´Â ȼ® ¿¬·á »ç¿ë°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¸é ¾ÆÁ÷
ÀÛ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼¸¸ Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â Àüü ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»êÀÇ 6%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ±Û·Î¹ú ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼ö¿ä´Â ¸Å³â 13 Å×¶ó¿ÍÆ®¿¡¼ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¹Ý¼¼±â ¾È¿¡ 30-60
Å×¶ó¿ÍÆ®·Î ¼ºÀåÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÈ´Ù´Â Á¡À» °¨¾ÈÇϸé ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Àç»ý ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ È°¿ëÀº ÇöÀç ÀÚ¿øÀ» ´ëüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï È®ÀåµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
¼¼°èÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼ö¿ä¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ(That sounds good, but the scale of renewable
energy is still very small when compared to fossil fuel use. In the United
States, renewables account for just 6% of overall energy production. And, with
global energy demand expected to grow from approximately 13 terawatts a year now
to somewhere between 30 and 60 terawatts by the middle of this century, use of
renewables will have to expand enormously to displace current sources and have a
significant impact on the world's future energy needs).
±×·¯·¯¸é ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇѰ¡? ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸ÀÌ Çʼö ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ(ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°Ç) ¿¡³ÊÁö ±âȹ¿¡
Áß¿äÇÑ ÇÙ½ÉÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. žç Àü±â ÆÄ¿ì¾î ¸ðµâÀÇ ±¸Ãà ºñ¿ëÀº Áö³ 30³â°£ ±Ô¸ð¸é¿¡¼ 2µî±ÞÀ̳ª ¶³¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº žç
¿¡³ÊÁö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ·Á¸é Áö±ÝÀÇ ±¸Ãà ºñ¿ëº¸´Ù 100¹è ÀÌ»ó ¶³¾îÁ®¾ß °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ³ª³ë±â¼úÀÇ Çõ½Å ¶ÇÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¹ÝµµÃ¼
½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ÅÂ¾ç ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼öÁý±âÀÇ È¿À²¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÅÂ¾ç ºû, CO2 ³ª ¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ Á÷Á¢ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÈÇп¬·á¸¦ ÃßÃâÇÏ¿©
´ë·® »ý»êÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀ» º¸ÀδÙ(What needs to happen for that to take place? Using energy more
efficiently is likely to be the sine qua non of energy planning--not least to
buy time for efficiency improvements in alternative energy. The cost of solar
electric power modules has already dropped two orders of magnitude over the last
30 years. And most experts figure the price needs to drop 100-fold again before
solar energy systems will be widely adopted. Advances in nanotechnology may help
by providing novel semiconductor systems to boost the efficiency of solar energy
collectors and perhaps produce chemical fuels directly from sunlight, CO2, and
water).
¿¡³ÊÁö À§±â¸¦ ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¦ ¶§¿¡ ¾î¶² ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¹ß°ßµÉ °ÍÀÎÁö´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ¿¡³ÊÁö¿¡ ¿ì¼±
¼øÀ§¸¦ µÎ¾î ÁýÁß ¿¬±¸°³¹ßÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿©±â¿¡´Â °úÇÐÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´øÁ®ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±Û·Î¹úÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡Àû µ¿Àǰ¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù(But
whether these will come in time to avoid an energy crunch depends in part on how
high a priority we give energy research and development. And it will require a
global political consensus on what the science is telling us).
25. Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ¶ó´ø ¸È¼½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus
Continue to Be Wrong?)
[¿ä¾à] °¡Àå ±ÞÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â °ï°æ¿¡ óÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ Çâ»ó½ÃŰ¸é¼ ÇöÀçÀÇ »ýȰ ¼öÁØÀ»
Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöÇÏ´À³Ä? ¾î¶»°Ô ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀº Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼ »îÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ¸é¼ »ý¹°Á¾ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ¸é¼ »ì¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù(The urgent
question is whether current standards of living can be sustained while improving
the plight of those in need. How can humans live sustainably on the planet and
do so in a way that manages to preserve some biodiversity?)
1978³â ¿µ±¹ Albury¿¡ ¼ÒÀç Á¶±×¸¸ ±³±¸ÀÇ 32»ìÀÇ ¸ñ»ç´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ÁøÁöÇÑ ÆÊÇ÷¿¿¡ "Àα¸ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¡¼¼ÀÌ(An Essay on
the Principle of Population)"À̶ó´Â ±ÛÀ» ¼Ò°³Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â À¯ÅäÇÇ¾Æ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ±Ù¾öÇÑ ³íÀïÀÌ ´ë¼¼¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´ø
½ÃÀýÀ̶ó, Thomas Malthus´Â Àα¸´Â Ç×»ó Áõ°¡ÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶»ç°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é¼, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Ãâ»ý Á¶Àý,
±â±Ù-ÀüÀï-º´ÀÇ °á°ú µîÀ» º¸°í Àα¸ÀÇ Àü¸ÁÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °üÁ¡µéÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» °í¹«½ÃÄÑ È¯°æ·ÐÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Å¿ì ²ûÂïÇÑ
°æ°í¸¦ À¯¹ß½Ã۱⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù(In 1798, a 32-year-old curate at a small parish church in Albury,
England, published a sobering pamphlet entitled An Essay on the Principle of
Population. As a grim rebuttal of the utopian philosophers of his day, Thomas
Malthus argued that human populations will always tend to grow and, eventually,
they will always be checked--either by foresight, such as birth control, or as a
result of famine, war, or disease. Those speculations have inspired many a dire
warning from environmentalists).
¸È¼½º ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¼¼°èÀÇ Àα¸´Â 6¹è°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÑ 60¾ï¿¡ ´ÞÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ÙÇེ·´°Ôµµ ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö Çö´ë¹¬½Ã·Ï °°Àº ÆÄ±¹µéÀº °ª½Ñ ¿¡³ÊÁö, °úÇбâ¼ú,
³ì»öÇõ¸íÀÇ µµ·¡·Î ¿¹¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àα¸Åë°èÇÐÀÚµéÀº 2010³â °æÀÌ µÇ¸é ±Û·Î¹ú Àα¸´Â 100¾ï¿¡ ´ÞÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Since
Malthus's time, world population has risen sixfold to more than 6 billion. Yet
happily, apocalyptic collapses have mostly been prevented by the advent of cheap
energy, the rise of science and technology, and the green revolution. Most
demographers predict that by 2100, global population will level off at about 10
billion).
°¡Àå ±ÞÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â °ï°æ¿¡ óÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦ Çâ»ó½ÃŰ¸é¼ ÇöÀçÀÇ »ýȰ ¼öÁØÀ» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöÇÏ´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù. ±×Àú À½½Ä»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹°,
ȼ®¿¬·á, ¸ñÀç, ±âŸ ±âº» ÀÚ¿ø µî ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ¼Òºñ´Â °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹¿¡¼ ¾öû³ ¼Óµµ·Î Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ Àΰ£µéÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÀÚ¿øµéÀ» ÇÕ¼º Á¶ÇÕÇÏ¿©
´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ´ëÇØ À§ÇùÀ» °¡Çϰí Àִµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ±âÈÄÀÇ º¯È, ¶¥°ú ¹°ÀÇ ¿À¿°, ±×¸®°í Á¾µéÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯°¡ÁöÀÇ ÇØ·Î¿î »ç¹°µéÀÇ
À¯Æ÷ µîÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ´Ù(The urgent question is whether current standards of living can be
sustained while improving the plight of those in need. Consumption of
resources--not just food but also water, fossil fuels, timber, and other
essentials--has grown enormously in the developed world. In addition, humans
have compounded the direct threats to those resources in many ways, including by
changing climate, polluting land and water, and spreading invasive species).
¾î¶»°Ô ¿ì¸® Àΰ£µéÀº Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼ »îÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ¸é¼ »ý¹°Á¾ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ¸é¼ »ì¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç®·Á¸é ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬°ú
»çȸ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â ¿¬±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ºÐ¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº Àΰ£µéÀº ¸¹Àº »ýÅÂ°è ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ°í ±ú²ýÇÑ ¹°°ú ´Ù¸¥ "¼±°ú ¼ºñ½º, goods
and services)"¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ¹æÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾ÇÀûÀÎ »óűîÁö ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖÀ»±î? ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº
½ÀÁö, ½£, ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ªÀÇ »óÅÂ¿Í Æ®·»µå¿¡ °üÇÑ º¸´Ù ³ªÀº Á¤º¸µéÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¼± ¼øÀ§¸¦ Á¤Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ »ýŰè·Î
ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀúÇ×ÇÏ°Ô Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¹«¾ùÀÌ Ãë¾àÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö? ¾î¶² ½ºÆ®·¹½º¸¦ ¹ÞÀº »ýŰ谡, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¼ö»ê¾÷À̳ª ¾ç½Ä¾÷ µî, ´õÀÌ»ó ȸº¹µÉ
¼ö ¾ø´Â »óȲ±îÁö µµ´ÞÇß´ÂÁö ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á»´õ ³ªÀº ¿¬±¸¿Í ÀÌÇØ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(How can humans live sustainably on
the planet and do so in a way that manages to preserve some biodiversity?
Tackling that question involves a broad range of research for natural and social
scientists. It's abundantly clear, for example, that humans are degrading many
ecosystems and hindering their ability to provide clean water and other "goods
and services". But exactly how bad is the situation? Researchers need better
information on the status and trends of wetlands, forests, and other areas. To
set priorities, they'd also like a better understanding of what makes ecosystems
more resistant or vulnerable and whether stressed ecosystems, such as marine
fisheries, have a threshold at which they won't recover).
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[±×¸² : ±ÕÇüÀÌ ±úÁü. ¼¼°èÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â Àα¸¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ºñÈ¿À²Àû ¼Òºñ³ª °¡³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À§Çù¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. CREDIT: VIVIANE
MOOS/CORBIS. Source : Science]
³ó°æÇÐÀÚµéÀº Áö±Ý 40¾ï Àα¸ÀÇ ÀÔÀ» ¸Ô¿© »ì¸± °Å´ëÇÑ ÀÓ¹«¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØÀÖ´Ù. ³ó¹° »ý»êÀº ¼±Áø±¹¿¡¼ ±Ø´ëÈ ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¸¹Àº ³ó»ê¹°µéÀÌ
°³¹ßµµ»ó±¹¿¡¼ »ý»êµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ³² »çÇÏ¶ó ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Áö¿ªÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ±× Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÀÌ °÷¿¡ ¹Ì·¡°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °÷Àº Áú¼Ò°¡ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î
ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ³ó¾÷ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À±â¼úÀÌ »ý»ê·®À» ±Ø´ëȽÃų ¼ö ÀÖ°í ³ó¾÷¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ȯ°æÀ» ±Ø¼ÒȽÃų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀáÀç·ÂÀ» °®°í ÀÖÁö¸¸,
³ª¸§´ë·ÎÀÇ ¾àÁ¡ÀÌ Àִµ¥, ¹ÙÀÌ¿À ±â¼úÀÌ È¸ÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀ» À̱â°í ½Â¸®ÇÏ·Á¸é ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸Õ ¾ê±âÀÌ´Ù(Agronomists face the task of
feeding 4 billion more mouths. Yields may be maxing out in the developed world,
but much can still be done in the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan
Africa, which desperately needs more nitrogen. Although agricultural
biotechnology clearly has potential to boost yields and lessen the environmental
impact of farming, it has its own risks, and winning over skeptics has proven
difficult).
¹°·Ð »çȸ °úÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ôµµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸¹Àº ÀϰŸ®µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ¿øÀÇ °ú¿ëÀ» ºÎäÁúÇÏ´Â ½É¼ú±ÄÀº ¶¥ÀÇ Ä§ÀüµéÀº - °á±¹ ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ °ªºñ½Ñ ³ó±â°è¸¦
±¸ÀÔÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÎ ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ±â°è¸¦ ±¸ÀÔÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¿¡ ¾öû³ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»¹Ç·Î ³ó»çÁþ´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Ç×»ó ºû¿¡ Âɵ鸮°Ô ÇÏ´Â »óȲÀÌ
¹ß»ý - ¿À·¡ µ¿¾È Àΰ£µéÀÌ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î »õ·Î¿î ¶¥ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î È®ÀåÇϰíÀÚ Çϴµ¥, À̸¦ À§ÇÑ »ê¸² ¸ñÀç µµ¹ú ºñ¿ëÀÌ
¸¸¸¸Ä¡ ¾Ê°í, ±× °á°ú ÀÚ¿¬À» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ¿© ±ú²ýÇÑ ¹°À» °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â »ê¸²À» ÈѼÕÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. °á±¹ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿ÜºÎ·ÎÀÇ ¿µ¿ª È®´ë´Â ºñ¿ë°ú °áÇÕÇØ
º¼ ¶§ »ýŰèÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÌ ´õ¿í ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °üÁ¡¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì À§ÇùÀûÀÎ µµÀüÀÌ´Ù. »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °æÁ¦Àû ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤Àº Á¾Á¾ ÇöÀç°¡Ä¡(net present
value)¸¸ º¸°í °áÁ¤À» Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¹Ù·Î ÀÚ¿ø, Áï, Åä¾ç ħ½Ä, ³óÁöÀÇ »ìÀ°°ú Å¿ì±â µîÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¿øµéÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
°Ô´Ù°¡ µµ½Ã¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ¶¥À» ÆÄ¼ ¹°À» ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ°í ³óÁö¸¦ À§ÇÑ »ù¹°À» ÆÄ´Â °Í ¶ÇÇÑ ÃÖ´ë ¹®Á¦ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °úÁ¤µéÀº »ê¾÷ÀÇ º¯ÇüÀ»
ÀǹÌÇϴµ¥, ¼³»ç À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ÁÁÀº Á÷Àå, ÁÁÀº À½½Ä°ú ¼ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÇ°ÚÁö¸¸, ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ȯ°æÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(There's no
shortage of work for social scientists either. Perverse subsidies that encourage
overuse of resources--tax loopholes for luxury Hummers and other inefficient
vehicles, for example--remain a chronic problem. A new area of activity is the
attempt to place values on ecosystems' services, so that the price of clear-cut
lumber, for instance, covers the loss of a forest's ability to provide clean
water. Incorporating those "externalities" into pricing is a daunting challenge
that demands much more knowledge of ecosystems. In addition, economic decisions
often consider only net present value and discount the future value of
resources--soil erosion, slash-and-burn agriculture, and the mining of
groundwater for cities and farming are prime examples. All this complicates the
process of transforming industries so that they provide jobs, goods, and
services while damaging the environment less).
¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÁÖÅÃÀÇ º¯ÈÇÏ´Â Àα¸Åë°èÇÐÀ» °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ º¹Áö¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀΰ¡? ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 35-50³â°£, ÀÌ Áö±¸»ó¿¡
»ç´Â Àΰ£µéÀÇ ¼ö´Â µÎ ¹è°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àα¸ ¼ºÀåÀº ÁÖ·Î Áö±Ý 30,000 ¿¡¼ 3¹é¸¸ ¸íÀÇ Àα¸¸¦ °¡Áø °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹µéÀÇ µµ½Ã¿¡¼ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°Ô µÉ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌµé °Å´ëÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö È¿À² ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ÁýÀ» Áþ±â À§ÇÑ ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®±îÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹æ¹ýÀ» °£´ÜÈ÷ ÇÏ¿© ¸¶½Ç ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â ¹°À» Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Researchers must also grapple with the changing
demographics of housing and how it will impact human well-being: In the next 35
to 50 years, the number of people living in cities will double. Much of the
growth will likely happen in the developing world in cities that currently have
30,000 to 3 million residents. Coping with that huge urban influx will require
everything from energy efficient ways to make concrete to simple ways to purify
drinking water).
ÀÌÁ¦ ±Û·Î¹úÀûÀ¸·Î TV¿Í ¹«Á¤ÇÑ ±¤°í½Ã´ë°¡ µµ·¡Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¼ÒºñÀÇ ÆÐÅÏÀº ¾î¶»°Ô º¯ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? Àü ¼¼°è´Â ºÐ¸í Áö±Ý ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀÌ
´©¸®´Â »ýȰ¼öÁذú °°Àº ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ÀÌ Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼ 100¾ï ¸íÀ» Áö¿øÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀ̳ª »çȸ°úÇÐÀ̳ª - °úÇаú ±â¼úÀÌ ¿£ÁøÀ» °É¾î ¿ì¸®
Àΰ£µéÀÌ ¸¸µç ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦µéÀ» Ç® ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö? ÀÌ°Ô ¹Ù·Î ¿ì¸® ¼¼°è°¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦µéÀ» Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÒÁýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
¸Å¿ì °í³µµÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹Ù·Î Á¤Ä¡Àû À̽´·Î Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °¡Àå Ä¿´Ù¶õ µµÀüÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(And in an age of
global television and relentless advertising, what will happen to patterns of
consumption? The world clearly can't support 10 billion people living like
Americans do today. Whether science--both the natural and social sciences--and
technology can crank up efficiency and solve the problems we've created is
perhaps the most critical question the world faces. Mustering the political will
to make hard choices is, however, likely to be an even bigger challenge).
[¼Ò½º]
[Science-Introduction
to special issue. What Don't We Know?(01/Jul/2005)] [Science - In a special collection
of articles published beginning 1 July 2005, Science Magazine and its online
companion sites celebrate the journal's 125th anniversary with a look forward --
at the most compelling puzzles and questions facing scientists
today(01/Jul/2005)] [¼¿ï½Å¹®-â°£
125µ¹ »çÀ̾ð½ºò¼ ¡®°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¡¯ 25°³ ¼±Á¤(07/Jul/2005)] [¹®ÈÀϺ¸-¾ÆÁ÷
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2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ Ã¢°£ 125 Áֳ⠱â³äÈ£¿¡¼, Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ 125°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹®Á¦(big questions) Áß ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 25³â ¾È¿¡
Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®¾î ³¾ ¡®°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 25°³(25 Big Questions) ¼±Á¤, The Top 25 Essays by our news staff
on 25 big questions facing science over the next quarter-century, 125 big
questions, 25 big questions, À̹ø 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö´Â [Vol 309, Issue 5731] È£·Î
75ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡¼ 102ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ °ÉÃÄ 25°³ÀÇ Big QuestionsÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¹«·á·Î ÀϹݿ¡°Ô °ø°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú
ÆíÀ缺(ºñ±¹Áö¼º)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper Principles Underlie Quantum Uncertainty
and Nonlocality?), È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an Effective HIV Vaccine Feasible?),
¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the Greenhouse World Be?), °ª½Ñ ¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç,
¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace Cheap Oil--and When?), Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´ø
¸È¼½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus Continue to Be Wrong?) |
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