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[Part IV(16-20). 1880³â 7¿ù 3ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ß¸í¿Õ Åä¸Ó½º ¿¡µð½¼ÀÌ Ã¢°£ÇÑ À¯¼­±íÀº °úÇÐÀü¹®Áö Ú¸ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ Ã¢°£ 125 Áֳ⠱â³äÈ£¿¡¼­, Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ 125°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹®Á¦(big questions) Áß ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 25³â ¾È¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®¾î ³¾ ¡®°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 25°³(25 Big Questions)' ¼±Á¤, ÀÌÁß 16-20¹ø ¹®Á¦ ¼Ò°³(The Top 25 Essays by our news staff on 25 big questions facing science over the next quarter-century(07/Oct/2005)]

µå³ÐÀº ¿ìÁÖ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀηùÀÇ È£±â½É°ú ±Ã±ÝÁõÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ¼ö¼ö²²³¢µéÀº µµÃ³¿¡ ³Î·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àηùź»ý ÀÌ·¡ °úÇÐÀº ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ¹ßÀüÇØ¿ÔÁö¸¸, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ½Åºñ¸¦ ¹þ°Ü³»´Â °ÉÀ½Àº ´À¸®±â¸¸ ÇÏ´Ù. 1880³â 7¿ù 3ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ß¸í¿Õ Åä¸Ó½º ¿¡µð½¼ÀÌ Ã¢°£ÇÑ À¯¼­ ±íÀº °úÇÐÀü¹®Áö ¡®»çÀ̾ð½º(Science)¡¯´Â 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏ ¹ß°£µÈ â°£ 125Áֳ⠱â³äÈ£¿¡¼­ ¡®Àηù°¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 125°³¡¯¸¦ ¼±Á¤ÇÏ¿© ÀÌÁß ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 25³â ¾È¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ Ç®¾î ³¾ '°úÇÐÀû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ 25°³(25 Big Questions)'¸¦ ¼±Á¤ Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. »çÀ̾𽺴 ¡°ÀÌ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢µéÀº °úÇÐÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÁøÀüÀ» ÀÌ·ð´ÂÁö º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¹ß°ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿·ÂÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±¸é¼­ ¡°25³â ¾È¿¡ Ç®¾î³¾ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Àְųª ±× ÇØ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í¡±À̶ó°í ³»´ÙºÃ´Ù. ¿À´ÃÀº ÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä ³»¿ëÀ» »ìÆìº¸´Âµ¥ ±×°£ ¹è¿î Á¦ Áö½Ä°ú °æÇèÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äµµ Á¦½ÃÇØº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² °ÍÀº Á¾±³Ã¶ÇÐÀ¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇϰÚÁö¸¸...¹°·Ð ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸ÂÀ» Áö ¸ð¸£°ÚÁö¸¸...

À̹ø 2005³â 7¿ù 1ÀÏÀÚ »çÀ̾ð½ºÁö´Â [Vol 309, Issue 5731] È£·Î 75ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡¼­ 102ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ °ÉÃÄ 25°³ÀÇ Big QuestionsÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¹«·á·Î ÀϹݿ¡°Ô °ø°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Çѹø µé¾î°¡¼­ º» ³»¿ëÀ» È®ÀÎÇØº¸¶ó. ÀÌ 25°¡ÁöÀÇ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¸¦ Ǫ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù·Î ³ëº§»ó È帰¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÃÑ Part I-V±îÁö 5°³¾¿ ¼Ò°³ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ±â´ëÇϽöó!!!
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[¸ñÂ÷]

[Part I]
 

1.

¿ìÁÖ´Â ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁ³³ª?(What Is the Universe Made Of?)

2.

ÀǽÄÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ±â¹ÝÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Is the Biological Basis of Consciousness?)

3.

Àΰ£ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ ¼ö°¡ ¿¹»óº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀûÀº ÀÌÀ¯´Â?(Why Do Humans Have So Few Genes?)

4.

°³ÀÎÀÇ °Ç°­Àº À¯Àüº¯ÀÌ¿Í ¾ó¸¶³ª °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ³ª?(To What Extent Are Genetic Variation and Personal Health Linked?)

5.

¹°¸®ÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ýÄ¢µéÀº Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(Can the Laws of Physics Be Unified?)

[Part II]
 

6.

Àΰ£ ¼ö¸íÀº ¾îµð±îÁö ¿¬ÀåÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?(How Much Can Human Life Span Be Extended?)

7.

À¯±âüÀÇ Àç»ýÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Controls Organ Regeneration?)

8.

ÇǺΠ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷·Î Àüȯ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Çö´ëÆÇ ¿¬±Ý¼úÀÇ ºñ°áÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(How Can a Skin Cell Become a Nerve Cell?)

9.

´Ü¼øÇÑ Ã¼¼¼Æ÷ Çϳª°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ½Ä¹°·Î ÀÚ¶ó³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(How Does a Single Somatic Cell Become a Whole Plant?)

10.

Áö±¸ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­´Â ¾î¶² ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀϾ³ª?(How Does Earth's Interior Work?)

[Part III]
 

11.

Áö±¸ ¹Û ¿ìÁÖ¿¡´Â Àΰ£ ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ »ý¸íü°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î?(Are We Alone in the Universe?)

12.

Áö±¸»ó ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­, ¾î¶»°Ô ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ý¸íü°¡ ź»ýÇßÀ»±î?(How and Where Did Life on Earth Arise?)

13.

»ý¹° Á¾(ðú)ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿äÀÎÀº?(What Determines Species Diversity?)

14.

¾î¶² À¯ÀüÀû º¯È­°¡ Àΰ£À» µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ »ý¸íü·Î ¸¸µé¾ú³ª?(What Genetic Changes Made Us Uniquely Human?)

15.

±â¾ïÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ÀúÀåµÇ°í ÃßÃâµÇ³ª?(How Are Memories Stored and Retrieved?)

[Part IV]
 

16.

ÀηùÀÇ ¡®Çù·ÂÀûÀÎ Çൿ¡¯Àº ¾î¶»°Ô ÁøÈ­ÇؿԳª?(How Did Cooperative Behavior Evolve?)

17.

°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº À¯ÀüÀÚ Áöµµ °°Àº »ý¹°ÇÐ µ¥ÀÌÅÍÀÇ È«¼ö ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô °Å´ëÇÑ ±×¸²(»ý¸íÀÇ º»Áú)À» ±×·Á³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡?(How Will Big Pictures Emerge From a Sea of Biological Data?)

18.

Àΰ£ÀÌ ºÐÀÚ¿Í ¿øÀÚ¸¦ ÀÚ±âÁ¶ÀÚÇØ »ý¸íü¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(How Far Can We Push Chemical Self-Assembly?)

19.

ÀüÅëÀû ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ÇѰè´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Are the Limits of Conventional Computing?)

20.

Àΰ£Àº ¸é¿ª ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ³ª?(Can We Selectively Shut Off Immune Responses?)

[Part V]
 

21.

¾çÀÚÀÇ ºÒÈ®Á¤¼º°ú ÆíÀ缺À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ¹ýÄ¢Àº °¡´ÉÇѰ¡?(Do Deeper Principles Underlie Quantum Uncertainty and Nonlocality?)

22.

È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¿¡ÀÌÁî Ä¡·á¾àÀÌ ³ª¿Ã±î?(Is an Effective HIV Vaccine Feasible?)

23.

¿Â½ÇÈ¿°ú·Î Áö±¸´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ´õ¿öÁú±î?(How Hot Will the Greenhouse World Be?)

24.

¼®À¯ ´ëü ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç, ¾ðÁ¦ µîÀåÇÒ±î?(What Can Replace Cheap Oil--and When?)

25.

Áúº´·±â¾Æ µîÀ¸·Î Àα¸Áõ°¡°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ ¾ïÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀÌ¶ó´ø ¸È¼­½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº Ʋ·È³ª?(Will Malthus Continue to Be Wrong?)

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[Part IV]

16. ÀηùÀÇ ¡®Çù·ÂÀûÀÎ Çൿ¡¯Àº ¾î¶»°Ô ÁøÈ­ÇؿԳª?(How Did Cooperative Behavior Evolve?)

[¿ä¾à] °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ Çù·ÂÀûÀÎ ÇൿÀ» ÁõºùÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÁøÈ­ÀûÀÎ °ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ ´Ù¸¥ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² Çù·ÂÀû ÇൿÀÌ Ç¥ÃâµÇ´ÂÁö ¿¹ÃøÇÏ·Á ³ë·ÂÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ °ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·Ð ¸ðµ¨Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ º¹À⼺ÀÌ Áõ°¡Çϸ鼭 °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº º¹ÀâÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ »çȸÇൿÀ» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» ã¾Æ³»±â¸¦ Èñ¸ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Scientists are applying evolutionary game theory to quantify cooperation and predict behavioral outcomes under different circumstances. The models developed through these games are still imperfect, but with game theory's increasing sophistication, researchers hope to gain a clearer sense of the rules that govern complex societies).

Charles DarwinÀÌ Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÒ ¶§ ±×´Â °³¹Ì¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ Àΰ£¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö À̵éÀº »çȸ ±×·ì(social groups)À» ±¸¼ºÇÏ°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °¢ °³ÀεéÀº »çȸ ±×·ì¿¡¼­ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¼±(common good)À» À§ÇØ ÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ±ÝÄ¡ ¸øÇß´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Àå±â°£ »ýÁ¸À» À§ÇØ °¢ °³ÀÎÀº ÀûÀÚ»ýÁ¸¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇϵµ·Ï ÀûÀÀÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ À̱âÀûÀÎ ´É·ÂÀÌ ÃÖ°í¶ó´Â ±×ÀÇ ±âº» À̷п¡ »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ Ç÷Åë(The Descent of Man)À» ½èÀ» ¶§ ±×´Â ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸î¸î ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ã¾Æ³Â´Âµ¥, °¡Á·(family)ÀÇ Àç»ý»ê(reproduction) ¹× À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¼±ÅÃ(natural selection)Àº ¾ÖŸÀûÀÎ ÇൿÀ»(altruistic behavior)À» ±ÇÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â ¸¸¾à µÎ Àΰ£ÀÌ ¾ÖŸÀûÀ̶ó¸é ¼­·Î »ó°ü ÀÖµç ¾ø´ø °¡Á·ÀÇ °³ÀεéÀº ¼­·Î µµ¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »óÈ£°ü·Ã °³³ä(idea of reciprocity)À» ¼Ò°³Çϱ⿡ À̸¥´Ù.

±× ÀÌÈÄ 100³â µ¿¾È ¼ö¸¹Àº Á¾ÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â DarwinÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¸ÂÀ½À» ÁõºùÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶»°Ô ±×¸®°í ¿Ö Çù·Â(cooperation)ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ Áö±Ý±îÁö ÁøÈ­ À¯ÁöµÇ¾î ÀÛ¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö ±× ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ºñ¹Ð¿¡ ½×¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ÀÌ ÇØ´äÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÁøÈ­ °üÁ¡(evolutionary perspective)°ú´Â °Å¸®°¡ ¸Ö°Ô º¸ÀÌ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇൿµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¿Ö Àΰ£Àº ¹°¿¡ ºüÁø ŸÀÎÀ» ÀÚ±âÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» ´øÁö¸é¼­ ±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀϱî(risking one's life to save a drowning stranger)¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×·±µ¥ ¹®Á¦´Â µ¿¹°µéÁ¶Â÷ ¿©·¯ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¼­·Î µ½´Â´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ²Ü¹ú(honeybees)¿¡¼­ ¹ú°Å¹þÀº ¸ô Áã(naked more rats)±îÁö, À̵é Ç÷Á·µéÀº Çù·ÂÀ» °­È­ÇÑ´Ù(kinship fosters cooperation). ¾ÏÄÆµéÀº Àç»ý(reproduction)À» Æ÷±âÇϸ鼭±îÁö ¿Õ¹úÀ» µ½´Â´Ù. ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¼­·Î »ó°ü ¾ø´Â °³º°µéÀÌ °°ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» Çϴµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¼öÄÆ ħÆÒÄ¡´Â ¾àÅ»ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Áý´Ü Çൿ(gang up)À» ÇÏ¿© ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ ³ë·Â(cost)À¸·Î ¼­·Î¸¦ º¸È£ÇÑ´Ù.

ƯÈ÷ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô´Â °ü¿ë(generosity)ÀÌ ¸¸¿¬Àû(pervasive)ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¸î¸î ÀηùÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀÇ ÁøÈ­´Â ģôÀ̳ª ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ½Å·ÚÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ¼­·Î µ½´Â »çȸ¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ Áö±¸»ó¿¡¼­ °¡Àå µ¶º¸ÀûÀΠôÃßµ¿¹°ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù(Generosity is pervasive among humans. Indeed, some anthropologists argue that the evolution of the tendency to trust one's relatives and neighbors helped humans become Earth's dominant vertebrate). ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »óÈ£ Çù·Â ÀÛ¾÷Àº ¼±Á¶µé(ancestors)·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº À½½ÄÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô Çß°í, ´õ¿í ³ªÀº º¸È£¿Í ´õ¿í ³ªÀº ¾çÀ°(childcare)À» Á¦°øÇÏ¿© °³ÀÎ-°¡Á·-»çȸÀÇ Àç»ý»ê¿¡ ¼º°øÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ¶ó º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸¹Àº Á¾µé¿¡¼­ Çù·ÂÀÇ Á¤µµ°¡ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æ, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÎÁ¾, Á¤Ä¡, Á¾±³, °¡Á· ±×·ìÀÌ ¸¸¿¬Çϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±× ÁÖ¿ä Çù·ÂÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹Ù·Î »ì¾Æ ³²±â À§ÇÑ Àü·«(survival strategy)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ´ë¼¼ÀÌ´Ù.

 

 

[±×¸² : CREDITS (LEFT TO RIGHT): TOM BRAKEFIELD/CORBIS; M.THOMSEN/CORBIS. Ãâó : Science]

ÁøÈ­ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚµé°ú µ¿¹° Çൿ ¿¬±¸¿øµé(Evolutionary biologists and animal behavior researchers)Àº Çù·Â ÇൿÀÇ µ¿±âµéÀÎ À¯ÀüÇÐÀû ±âÃÊ¿Í ºÐÀÚ ¿äÀεéÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ°í, »çȸ¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â »ý¸®ÇÐÀû(physiological), ȯ°æÀû, ÇൿÀû µ¿±â¿äÀÎ(impetus)µéÀ» ã°í ÀÖ´Ù.  ½Å°æ°úÇÐÀÚµéÀº Æ÷À¯·ù(mammals)µéÀÎ µéÁã(voles)¿¡¼­ ÇÏÀÌ¿¡³ª(hyenas)±îÁö ¿¬±¸Çϰí Àִµ¥, À̵éÀÇ ³úÀÇ È­ÇкÐÀÚ ±¸Á¶ ÀÛ¿ë°ú »çȸÀû Àü·«°£ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä »ó°ü°ü°è(correlations)¸¦ ã°í ÀÖ´Ù.

´Ù¸¥ ¼öÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÁøÈ­ÀûÀÎ °ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·Ð(game theory)À» Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸Çϰí Àִµ¥, °æÁ¦Çп¡¼­ °³¹ßµÈ °ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·Ð ¸ðµ¨¸µÀº Çù·ÂÀ» °è·®È­(quantify)ÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ ´Ù¸¥ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ÇൿÀûÀÎ °á°úµéÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °ÔÀÓÀÌ·ÐÀº ±×°£ °øÁ¤¼º(fairness)À» ¹Ù¶ó´Â º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿å¸Á(innate desire)À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Âµ¥ °øÇåÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é °ÔÀÓ Ç÷¹À̾îµéÀº °ÔÀÓ¿¡¼­ ¼³»ç ¾ò´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø´Ù¼Õ Ä¡´õ¶óµµ ºÒ°øÁ¤ÇÑ Çൿ(unfair actions)µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ó¹úÀ» ÁÖ°íÀÚ ½Ã°£°ú ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÅõÀÚÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¼³»ç µü Çѹø ¸¸³µ´Âµ¥µµ µÎ »ç¶÷Àº ¼­·Î °øÁ¤ÇÑ °ÔÀÓÀ» ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ Àִµ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °øÁ¤ÇÑ ÇൿµéÀº ÀÚ±â-ÀÌÀÍÃß±¸Àû(self-interest)À̶ó´Â Çù·ÂÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °Í°ú´Â °Å¸®°¡ ¸Õ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̱ݱîÁö ¿¬±¸µÈ °ÔÀÓ ¸ðµ¨Àº ¿Ïº®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â Çù·ÂÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¿ä ¿äÀÎÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ °¨Á¤(emotions) ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ¹Ý¿µÇÏÁö ¸øÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í °ÔÀÓ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ º¹À⼺ÀÌ Áõ°¡Çϸ鼭 ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº º¹ÀâÇÑ »çȸ(complex societies)¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇϰí Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ÁÖ¿ä ±ÔÄ¢À» ã¾Æ³»±â¸¦ Èñ¸ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Á¾ÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¸é ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â DarwinÀÇ Çù·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °íÂû¿¡ ¹«¾ð°¡ ´äÀ» ãÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. DarwinÀÌ ¿¹ÃøÇßµíÀÌ »óÈ£°ü·Ã¼ºÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä ÀûÀÀ Àü·«À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰͸¸À¸·Î ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ´Ù ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. Çö´ë °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °ßÇØ¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇϱ⵵ Çϴµ¥ ¹Ù·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ±â¾ï(memory)ÀÌ´Ù. ´©°¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú°í ´©°¡ ÇØ¸¦ ³¢ÃÆ´ÂÁö ±â¾ïÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î »óÈ£°ü·Ã¼º¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ½Ç¸¶¸®À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£Àº ¾ó±¼¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ ´ë´ÜÇÑ ±â¾ïÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¼ö³â µ¿¾È óÀ½ º¸´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ó±¼¸¸ º¸¾Æµµ Àú »ç¶÷Àº Á¶Àº »ç¶÷, ³ª»Û »ç¶÷À̶ó´Â ´À³¦À¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾µéÀº Àΰ£°ú´Â ´Þ¸® Àå±âÀûÀÎ »óÈ£°ü·Ã¼ºÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ü±âÀûÀÌ´Ù.

¿©ÇÏÆ° °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº Á¶¸¸°£ Àΰ£ÀÇ Çù·Â Á¤½Å(cooperative spirit)Àº ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö? ¹«¾ùÀÌ Çù·Â Á¤½ÅÀ» ºÎÃß±â´Â °ÍÀÎÁö? ±× ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

17. °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº À¯ÀüÀÚ Áöµµ °°Àº »ý¹°ÇÐ µ¥ÀÌÅÍÀÇ È«¼ö ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô °Å´ëÇÑ ±×¸²(»ý¸íÀÇ º»Áú)À» ±×·Á³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡?(How Will Big Pictures Emerge From a Sea of Biological Data?)

[¿ä¾à] µµ´ëü »ý¸íÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö? »ý¸íÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÎÁö? ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾ÇÕÀûÀÌ°í °íǰÁúÀÇ ±¸Á¶Àû ±×¸²À» ±×¸®´Âµ¥, ÁýÁßÀûÀÎ ÇÐÁ¦°£ ¿¬±¸³ª Áõ°¡µÇ´Â ÄÄÇ»ÆÃ ÆÄ¿ì¾î°¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í È®½ÅÀ» °®´Â °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾ø´Ù(No one yet knows whether intensive interdisciplinary work and improved computational power will enable researchers to create a comprehensive, highly structured picture of how life works).

ÇöÀç »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ¼­¼úÀû µ¥ÀÌÅÍ(descriptive data)´Â È«¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·Î Á¡Á¡´õ µ¥ÀÌÅ͵éÀº dzºÎÇØÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ë´ÜÀ§ ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ºÐ¼® »ùÇà ¹æ¹ý, ¿¹ÄÁµ¥ DNA ¿°±â¼­¿­(DNA sequencing), ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ¾î·¹ÀÌ(microarrays), ±×¸®°í ÀÚµ¿È­µÈ À¯ÀüÀÚ ±â´É ¿¬±¸(automated gene-function studies) µî »õ·Î¿î µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽ºµéÀÌ Å׵θ®±îÁö °¡µæÂ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ À̵é ÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ ÇϺΠÁÖÁ¦µé, ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹ÌÄÉ´Ð(biomechanics)¿¡¼­ »ýÅÂÇÐ(ecology)¿¡ À̸£±â ±îÁö ¸ðµÎ µðÁöÅÐÈ­°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ°í, ±× °á°ú À̵é·ÎºÎÅÍ °üÂûµÈ µ¥ÀÌÅ͵éÀº ´õ¿í Á¤±³Çϰí(precise) dzºÎ(plentiful)ÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

±×·±µ¥ Áö±Ý »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÐ¾ß¸¦ ³Ñ¾î ¹öÃß¾óÀûÀ¸·Î ÇϳªÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Áú¹®ÀÌ ´ëµÎµÇ°í Àִµ¥, ¿ì¸® °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ È«¼ö °°Àº ¾öû³­ ¾çÀÇ ºÐÀÚ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ(torrent of molecular data)·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶»°Ô ½Ã½ºÅÛµéÀ̳ª Àüü À¯±âüµéÀÌ ÀÛµ¿(¿ë)ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ Ãß·ÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ·Á¸é À̵é Á¤º¸µéÀº ü·Î °É·¯Á®¾ß Çϰí, Á¶Á÷È­µÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ÄÄÆÄÀϵǰí, º¸´Ù Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾î¶² ÁÖ¿ä ±âÃÊ ¿øÄ¢À» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(A central question now confronting virtually all fields of biology is whether scientists can deduce from this torrent of molecular data how systems and whole organisms work. All this information needs to be sifted, organized, compiled, and--most importantly--connected in a way that enables researchers to make predictions based on general principles).

½Ã½ºÅÛ »ý¹°ÇÐÀ¸·Î °¡º¸¶ó(Enter systems biology). ¾ÆÁ÷ Àß Á¤¸®µÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã°íÀÚ ³ë·Â ÁßÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ý¹°ÇÐÀº »õ·ÎÀÌ µîÀåÇÏ´Â Á¢±Ù ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ºÐÀÚÀû(molecular), ¼¼Æ÷Àû(cellular), À¯±âÀû(organismal), ȯ°æÀû °üÂû±îÁöÀÇ ¼ö½Ê³â°£ÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅ͵éÀ» µðÁöÅзΠ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±× ¸ñÀûÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¼öÇÐ, ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇÐÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© º¸´Ù Á¤·®ÀûÀÎ »ý¹°ÇÐÀ» ã¾Æ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ °á°úµéÀ» ¿¬°áÇÏ¿© º¸´Ù °­·ÂÇÑ ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿öÅ©¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. À̵éÀº ÀÌ ¹æ¹ý¸¸ÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ À̵éÀº »ý¹°ÀÇÇÐ(biomedicine), ƯÈ÷ Áúº´ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¿äÀεéÀ» ã¾Æ³»´Â, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¾öû³­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù(Enter systems biology. Loosely defined and still struggling to find its way, this newly emerging approach aims to connect the dots that have emerged from decades of molecular, cellular, organismal, and even environmental observations. Its proponents seek to make biology more quantitative by relying on mathematics, engineering, and computer science to build a more rigid framework for linking disparate findings. They argue that it is the only way the field can move forward. And they suggest that biomedicine, particularly deciphering risk factors for disease, will benefit greatly).

ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¼öÈ®Àº ¹Ù·Î Àΰ£ °Ô³ð ¼­¿­ÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀÌ´Ù. ´ë¿ë·®¿¡ ´Þ³ª¶ó±îÁö °¥ ¹°·ùÀÚ¿øµéÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î ¿°±â¼­¿­Àº Áö±Ý °¡Àå ÁøÁöÇÏ°í ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£ À¯»êÀÇ »ýÈ­ÇÐÀº Á¤Àǵǰí ÃøÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °ÍÀº ¿¬±¸¿øµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »ý¸í°ú ¸¾ ¸Ô´Â Áö½ÄÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ ¿µ°¨À» ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù(The field got a big boost from the completion of the human genome sequence. The product of a massive, trip-to-the-moon logistical effort, the sequence is now a hard and fast fact. The biochemistry of human inheritance has been defined and measured. And that has inspired researchers to try to make other aspects of life equally knowable).

ºÐÀÚ À¯ÀüÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ²Þ ¶ÇÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ÄÜÆ®·Ñ ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¾ÇÕÀûÀÎ ³×Æ®¿öÅ·À» ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, À̵éÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀÏ DNA ¼­¿­ÀÌ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ¹ßÇö½Ã۰í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ ¾çÀ» ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ±× ±ÔÄ¢À» ¹àÈ÷´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼Æ÷ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚµéÀº °Ç°­ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ½ÅÈ£±ÔÄ¢À» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ºÐÀÚµéÀ» ÃßÀûÇÔÀ¸·Î½á º¹ÀâÇÑ ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ ÆÐÅÏÀ» ´ÜÃà½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ¼ºÀå »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ¹è¾Æ°¡ ÇÑ ÁÜÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »À, Ç÷¾×, ÇǺÎÁ¶Á÷¿¡¼­ º¹ÀâÇÑ Â÷º°È­ ±â´ÉÀ» Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´ÂÁö Á¾ÇÕÀûÀÎ ±×¸²À» ±×¸®°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¾î·Á¿î ¹®Á¦µéÀº ¹Ù·Î ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ý¹°Çп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ý¹°ÇÐ ¿ËÈ£·ÐÀÚµéÀº ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ½Å°æ°úÇÐÀÚµé ¶ÇÇÑ º¹ÀâÇÑ µÎ³ú ȸ·Î¿¡ ¼û°ÜÁø °í³­µµÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÇ »ç°í µî ÃâÇöÇÏ´Â ¼Ó¼ºµéÀ» Ç®°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ »ýÅÂ°è º¯È­¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇØ È¯°æÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¹°¸®ÀûÀ̸鼭 µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÅëÇÕÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» ã°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù(Molecular geneticists dream of having a similarly comprehensive view of networks that control genes: For example, they would like to identify rules explaining how a single DNA sequence can express different proteins, or varying amounts of protein, in different circumstances (see p. 80). Cell biologists would like to reduce the complex communication patterns traced by molecules that regulate the health of the cell to a set of signaling rules. Developmental biologists would like a comprehensive picture of how the embryo manages to direct a handful of cells into a myriad of specialized functions in bone, blood, and skin tissue. These hard puzzles can only be solved by systems biology, proponents say. The same can be said for neuroscientists trying to work out the emergent properties--higher thought, for example--hidden in complex brain circuits. To understand ecosystem changes, including global warming, ecologists need ways to incorporate physical as well as biological data into their thinking).

[±×¸² : ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ý¹°ÇÐ Á¢±Ù. ȸ·Î ´ÙÀ̾Ʊ׷¥Àº ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ã¾Æ³»´Âµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. CREDIT: MICHAEL T. SHIPLEY. Ãâó : Science]

¿À´Ã³¯ ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚµéÀº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ½¬¿î ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ °ø·«Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. À̵éÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ´Ü´ç·ùÀÎ °¥¶ôÅ佺(galactose), ź¼öÈ­¹°(carbohydrate)µîÀ¸·Î ºÐÇØÇÏ´Â À̽ºÆ®(yeast)ÀÇ ½ÅÁø´ë»ç ±âÀü(metabolic pathway)À» ¹àÇô³Â´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¹Ù´Ù ¼¶°Ô(sea urchines) ¹× ´Ù¸¥ À¯±âüµéÀÇ ¹è¾Æ ¼ºÀå °úÁ¤ÀÇ Ã³À½ ¸î ½Ã°£À» ÃßÀûÇÏ¿© ¾î¶»°Ô ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àü»ç ¿äÀÎ(transcription factors)µéÀÌ À¯ÀüÀÚ ¹ßÇöÀ» º¯È­½ÃŰ´ÂÁö ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿Í µÎ³ú ȸ·Î ³»ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©ÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¸ðµ¨(rudimentary models)À» °³¹ßÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌµé »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ÆÐÅϵéÀ» ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¸ðµ¨·Î ¹ø¿ªÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ÃàÇϱ⠽±´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ¿¬±¸ °á°úµéÀ» µµ½ÄÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿¬±¸¿øµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÌÇØÇϰí ÇØ¼®Çϴµ¥ ¸·´ëÇÑ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸¼ÒµéÀÌ Áö±ÝÀº ÇÐÁ¦ ÆÀ(interdisciplinary teams)À» ¸¸µé¾î ¿¬±¸¸¦ Çϰí Àִµ¥, »ý¹°ÇÐÀÚ, ¼öÇÐÀÚ, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Àü¹®°¡ µîÀÌ ¸ðµÎ Âü¿©ÇØ ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ý¹°ÇÐ Á¢±ÙÀ» °¡½ÃÈ­ ÃßÁøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷Àº Ãʱ⠴ܰèÀÌ´Ù.

18. Àΰ£ÀÌ ºÐÀÚ¿Í ¿øÀÚ¸¦ ÀÚ±âÁ¶¸³ÇØ »ý¸íü¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(How Far Can We Push Chemical Self-Assembly?)

[¿ä¾à] È­ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ º¹À⼺À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÚ±âÁ¶¸³À» µðÀÚÀÎ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÇнÀÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ È¸·ÎÀÇ ¼ÒÇüÈ­¿Í ³ª³ë±â¼úÀÇ µîÀå¿¡ µû¶ó º¹À⼺ÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ Á¡Á¡´õ Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Chemists have learned to design self-assembling systems with a modest degree of complexity. But the need for increased complexity is growing, driven by the miniaturization of computer circuitry and the rise of nanotechnology).

¿À´Ã³¯ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹°¸® °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ½Åºñ¸¦ ¹þ±â´Âµ¥(uncovering nature's mysteries) ÁýÁßÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î È­ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶² °Í(¹°Áú)À» ±¸ÃàÇϴµ¥ ÁýÁßÇÑ´Ù(chemists build things). ±×·¯³ª ÇöÀç±îÁö´Â ÀÎÁ¶ õ¹®ÇÐÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ÀÎÁ¶ ¹°¸®Çеµ ¾ø´Ù(There is no synthetic astronomy or synthetic physics, at least for now). ±×·¯³ª È­ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ºÐÀÚµéÀ» Á¶¸³ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î âÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã°íÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù(But chemists thrive on finding creative new ways to assemble molecules). Áö³­ 100³â°£ À̵éÀº ¿øÀÚµéÀÌ ÀüÀÚµéÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÒ ¶§ °áÇÕÇÏ´Â °­·ÂÇÑ °øÀ¯°áÇÕÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´ë´ÜÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇØ¿Ô´Ù(For the last 100 years, they have done that mostly by making and breaking the strong covalent bonds that form when atoms share electrons). ÀÌ ±â¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À̵éÀº 1,000 °¡Áö³ª µÇ´Â ¿øÀÚµéÀ» °øÀ¯°áÇÕ½ÃÄÑ ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ºÐÀÚ±îÁöµµ ±¸¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÇнÀÇØ¿Ô´Ù(sing that trick, they have learned to combine as many as 1000 atoms into essentially any molecular configuration they please).

[Âü°í] ¾à¹°°ú ¼ö¿ëü¿ÍÀÇ °áÇÕ - ¾à¹°ÀÌ °íÀ¯ÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»ÀÚ¸é ¾à¹°Àº Á¶Á÷ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¼ö¿ëü¿Í °áÇÕÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯±â À§ÇÏ¿©´Â ¾à¹°°ú ¼ö¿ëü »çÀÌ¿¡ ¼­·Î ²ø¾î ´ç±æ ÈûÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀº ¹°·Ð ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ È¿°ú°¡ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¸¸Å­ ±× °áÇÕÀÌ ÀÏÁ¤½Ã°£ µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °áÇÕ·ÂÀº È­ÇÐÀû °áÇÕ·ÂÀ¸·Î¼­ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ³× °¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
 

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¼ö¼Ò °áÇÕ(Hydrogen bond)£º¼ö¼Ò ¿øÀÚ°¡ »ê¼Ò ¶Ç´Â Áú¼Ò¿Í °°ÀÌ Àü±â À½¼ºµµ°¡ °­ÇÑ ¿øÀڷκÎÅÍ ÀüÀÚ½ÖÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ °áÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ¼ö¼Ò ¿øÀÚ¸¦ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ¾çÂÊÀ¸·Î µ¿½Ã¿¡ °áÇÕÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Áï X-H:Y(H´Â ¼ö¼Ò, X´Â ¼ö¼Ò¿Í Á¤»ó °áÇÕÇÑ ¿ø¼Ò, Y´Â Àü±â À½¼ºµµ°¡ Å« ¿ø¼Ò)·Î¼­ °áÇÕ·ÂÀº ¾à 3 Kcal/moleÀÌ´Ù.

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¹Ýµ¥¿Ð½º °áÇÕ(Van der Waals bond ¶Ç´Â dipole-induced dipole bond)£ºµÎ ¿øÀÚ°¡ Á¢±ÙµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ °¢ ¿øÀÚÀÇ ÇÙÀ» µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ÀüÀÚ ±¸¸§¿¡ º¯µ¿ÀÌ »ý±èÀ¸·Î ¾àÇϳª¸¶ Á¤Àü±âÀû ÀηÂÀÌ »ý°Ü¼­ µÎ ¿øÀÚ°¡ °áÇյǴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× °áÇÕ·ÂÀº ºñ±³Àû ¾àÇÏ¿© 0.5 Kcal/mole¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù.

ÀλóÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº º¹À⼺ÀÇ ¼öÁØÀº ¿ì¸® ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ °ú½ÃÇÏ´Â º¹À⼺°ú ºñ±³ÇÒ ¶§ ³Ê¹«³ª ÃʶóÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Impressive as it is, this level of complexity pales in comparison to what nature flaunts all around us). ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ »ï³ª¹«±îÁö ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº Á¶±×¸¸ ºÐÀڵ鳢¸® ¸Å¿ì ÀÛÀº ¾àÇÑ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¿¬°á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Ù ÇÔ²² Á¶Á÷µÇ¾îÁø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù(Everything from cells to cedar trees is knit together using a myriad of weaker links between small molecules). ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¾àÇÑ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¼ö¼Ò °áÇÕÀ̳ª ¹Ýµ¥ ¿ÐÃ÷ Èû, ±×¸®°í ±âŸ ¾àÇÑ-»óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëµéÀº ±× À¯¸íÇÑ DNA ÀÌÁß ³ª¼±¿¡¼­ ¹°¾×ü¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â H2O ºÐÀÚ °áÇÕ±îÁö ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¶¸³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Áö¹èÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(These weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and - interactions, govern the assembly of everything from DNA in its famous double helix to the bonding of H2O molecules in liquid water). ºÐÀÚµéÀ» °è¼Ó °üÂûÇÏ´Â °Í ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ì¹¦ÇÑ ÈûµéÀº ±¸Á¶µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ½º½º·Î Á¶¸³ÇÏ¿© º¸´Ù º¹ÀâÇÑ ÃþÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(More than just riding herd on molecules, such subtle forces make it possible for structures to assemble themselves into an ever more complex hierarchy). Áö¹æµéÀº ¼¼Æ÷¸·À» Çü¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÕ¼ºµÇ°í, ¼¼Æ÷µéÀº Á¶Á÷À» Çü¼ºÇϸç, Á¶Á÷µéÀº ±â°üÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù(Lipids coalesce to form cell membranes. Cells organize to form tissues. Tissues combine to create organisms). ¿À´Ã³¯ È­ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ ¸¸µå´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÇ º¹À⼺À» µû¶ó ÀâÀ» ¼ö ´Â ¾ø´Ù. À̵éÀº ½º½º·Î ÀÚ±â-Á¶¸³ÇÏ´Â º¹ÀâÇÑ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» °á±¹ ¹è¿ï ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡?(Today, chemists can't approach the complexity of what nature makes look routine. Will they ever learn to make complex structures that self-assemble?).

ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌÁ¦ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. Áö³­ 30³â°£ È­ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ°øÀ¯°áÇÕÀÇ ±âº»(fundamental rules of noncovalent bonding)À» ¹è¿ì´Âµ¥ ÁÖ¿ä ¼º°ú¸¦ °ÅµÎ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢µé Áß¿¡´Â "À¯À¯»óÁ¾(Like prefers like)"À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¼Æ÷ ÁÖÀ§¸¦ ÄÚÆÃÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â 2-ÃþÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷¸·(two-layer membranes)À» Çü¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¹° ¼ÓÀÇ Áö¹æºÐÀÚµéÀ» ÇÔ²² °¡µÎµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¼ö¼ºÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯À¯»óÁ¾ ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±â¸§¼º ²¿¸®¸¦ ´Ù¹ßÁö¾î ¹°°ú »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·°í ±×µéÀÇ ±Ø¼ºÀÇ ¸Ó¸®ºÎºÐ ±×·ìÀ» ¾×ü·Î ÇâÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù(Among these rules: Like prefers like. We see this in hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions that propel lipid molecules in water to corral together to form the two-layer membranes that serve as the coatings surrounding cells. They bunch their oily tails together to avoid any interaction with water and leave their more polar head groups facing out into the liquid). Áï Áö¹æÀº Áö¹æ´ë·Î ¸ðÀÌ°Ô ÇÏ°í ¹°Àº ¹°´ë·Î ºÐ¸®Åä·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ Àִµ¥, ¹Ù·Î ÀÚ±â-Á¶¸³À¸·Î ÀÌ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁöÀûÀ¸·Î ¿øÇÏ´Â ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¹èµÈ´Ù. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±¸¼º ¿ä¼Ò ºÐÀÚµéÀº Ȧ·Î ÀÖ°Ô ³ªµÎ°í, À̵éÀº ½º½º·Î ÀÚ±â Á¶¸³ÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÁÖ Áú¼­Á¤¿¬ÇÑ º¹ÀâÇÑ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Another rule: Self-assembly is governed by energetically favorable reactions. Leave the right component molecules alone, and they will assemble themselves into complex ordered structures).

 

 

 

 

[±×¸² : CREDIT: ERIC V. GRAVE/PHOTO RESEARRCHERS INC. Ãâó : Science]

È­ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ À¯À¯»óÁ¾ ¹× ÀÚ±âÁ¶¸³ ±ÔÄ¢ÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡À» ¹è¿ö ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ º¹À⼺À¸·Î ½º½º·Î Á¶¸³ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» µðÀÚÀÎ ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù(Chemists have learned to take advantage of these and other rules to design selfassembling systems with a modest degree of complexity). ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ´àÀº 2ÃþÀÇ Áö¹æÀ¸·Î ¸¸µç ¾àÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â Áö¹æÁúµéÀº ¾àÀ» ȯÀÚµéÀÇ ¾Ï Á¶Á÷¿¡ Àü´ÞÇϴµ¥ »ó¾÷ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(Drug-carrying liposomes, made with lipid bilayers resembling those in cells, are used commercially to ferry drugs to cancerous tissues in patients). ·ÎʽºÀÜÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÚ±âÁ¶¸³ÀÇ ºÐÀÚµéÀº µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¾Õ°ú µÚ·Î Áøµ¿ÇÏ´Â ºÐÀÚ ½ºÀ§Ä¡ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ºÐÀÚ º£À̽º ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ½ºÀ§Ä¡°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(And selfassembled molecules called rotaxanes, which can act as molecular switches that oscillate back and forth between two stable states, hold promise as switches in future molecular-based computers).

±×·¯³ª ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ È¸·ÎÀÇ ¼ÒÇüÈ­¿Í ³ª³ë±â¼úÀÇ µîÀå¿¡ µû¶ó º¹À⼺ÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ Á¡Á¡´õ Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù(But the need for increased complexity is growing, driven by the miniaturization of computer circuitry and the rise of nanotechnology). ¶ÇÇÑ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Ä¨ÀÌ Á¡Á¡´õ ¼ÒÇüÈ­ µÇ´Â Ư¡ÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Á¶±×¸¸ ±¸¼º¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â »ý»êºñ¿ëÀº Á¡Á¡ Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù(As features on computer chips continue to shrink, the cost of manufacturing these ever-smaller components is skyrocketing). µû¶ó¼­ ¿øÇÏ´Â Á¶±×¸¸ Å©±â·Î ¹°ÁúµéÀ» ¸¸µé·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â ÇÏÀÌÅØ ±â¾÷µéÀº À§¿¡¼­ ¾Æ·¡ ¹æ½Ä(Top down)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó È­ÇÐÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¾Æ·¡¿¡¼­ À§·Î(bottom up)ÀÇ µðÀÚÀÎ ¹× ºôµùºí·Ï ±¸ÃàÀ» ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù¸é ¾ÆÁÖ Àú·ÅÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î À̸¦ ´Þ¼º ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Right now, companies make them by whittling materials down to the desired size. At some point, however, it will become cheaper to design and build them chemically from the bottom up).

±× ´äÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÀÚ±âÁ¶¸³ ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ±âÁ¶¸³Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿ëµµ·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â ³ª³ë±¸Á¶¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇϴµ¥ °¡Àå À¯ÀÏÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù(Self-assembly is also the only practical approach for building a wide variety of nanostructures). ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±¸¼º¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ½º½º·Î Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Á¶¸³ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×¸® ½¬¿î ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù(Making sure the components assemble themselves correctly, however, is not an easy task). ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ³Ê¹« À۾Ƽ­ ½º½º·Î Á¶¸³ÇÏ´Â ºÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇüÅ¿¡ ºüÁ®µé¾î ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö´Â ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸ °á±¹ ¸ðµÎ °áÁ¡ Åõ¼ºÀ̰¡ µÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(Because the forces at work are so small, self-assembling molecules can get trapped in undesirable conformations, making defects all but impossible to avoid). µû¶ó¼­ ÀÚ±âÁ¶¸³¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒ·®À²À» ±Øº¹ÇؾßÇÏ°í ±×·² °æ¿ì ½º½º·Î °íÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù(Any new system that relies on self-assembly must be able either to tolerate those defects or repair them). ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é DNAÀε¥, È¿¼ÒµéÀÌ ¼¼Æ÷ºÐ¿­ ½Ã DNA °¡´ÚÀ» º¹»ç(Àü»ç)ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì À̵éÀº º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ ½Ç¼ö¸¦ Çϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, °£È¤ À̵éÀº T(Ƽ¹Î) ´ë½Å¿¡ A(¾Æµ¥´Ñ)À» »ðÀÔÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ç¼öÀÎ °æ¿ì ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ½Ç¼öµéÀº DNA-º¹±¸ È¿¼Òµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »õ·ÎÀÌ ÇÕ¼ºµÈ °¡´ÚÀ» ½ºÄµÇÏ°í ¿¡·¯¸¦ ½º½º·Î °íÄ¡´Â °ÍÀε¥ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ¹àÇô Àû¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Again, biology offers an example in DNA. When enzymes copy DNA strands during cell division, they invariably make mistakes--occasionally inserting an A when they should have inserted a T, for example. Some of those mistakes get by, but most are caught by DNA-repair enzymes that scan the newly synthesized strands and correct copying errors).

ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº À¯ÀüÀÚ-¼¼Æ÷´ÜÀÇ Àü·«µéÀº È­ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ½±°Ô º»¶ã ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿µ¿ªÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¸¾à ¿ì¸®°¡ º¹ÀâÇϸ鼭µµ Áú¼­Á¤¿¬ÇÑ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸¸µé±â ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤º¹ÇÏ¿© Ȱ¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

19. ÀüÅëÀû ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ÇѰè´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?(What Are the Limits of Conventional Computing?)

[¿ä¾à] ¼öÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¸»Çϱ⸦ ¸¸¾à ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¹®Á¦µé ÁßÀÇ °¡Àå ¾î·¯¿î ¹®Á¦ Áß Çϳª¸¦ Ǫ´Â Áö¸§±æÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é, ±× ´ÙÀ½ ¸ðµç ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ´Ù Ç® ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ Áö¸§±æÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ÂÁö °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº È®½ÅÀ» °®°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼öÇп¡¼­´Â °¡Àå Ç®Áö ¸øÇÑ À§´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù(Mathematicians have shown that if you could come up with a quick and easy shortcut to solving any one of the hardest type of computational problems, you'd be able to crack them all. But it's uncertain whether such a shortcut exists. Scientists think not, but proving it is one of the great unanswered questions in mathematics).

¿ì¼± º¸±â¿¡ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀÇ ±Ã±ØÀû ÇѰè´Â ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ À̽´Ã³·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ³ìÁö ¾Ê°Ô Çϸ鼭 Ĩ¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ´ãÀ» ¼ö Àִ°¡? ¾ó¸¶³ª ºü¸£°Ô ½Ç¸®ÄÜ ¸Þ¸ð¸®¿¡ ºñÆ®¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? ¾ó¸¶³ª Å« ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ¹æ¾È¿¡ µü ¸ÂÃâ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?(At first glance, the ultimate limit of computation seems to be an engineering issue. How much energy can you put in a chip without melting it? How fast can you flip a bit in your silicon memory? How big can you make your computer and still fit it in a room?).

»ç½Ç ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã´Â °Í ÀÌ»óÀÇ Ãß»óÀûÀÌ¸ç ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °°Àº ¹ß°ßÀº 1930³â Á߹ݿ¡ ³ª¿Ô´Âµ¥, ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ ¼öÇÐÀÚÀÎ Alonzo Church¿Í Alan M. TuringÀº ±Ø´ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇØ, ºñÆ®³ª ¹ÙÀÌÆ®¸¦ °è»êÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº À̵éÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ °¡»óÀÇ °è»ê±â°èÀÎ Æ©¸µ±â°è(Turing machine)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸ðµç ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÄÄÇ»Å͵éÀº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î °°´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ ¹ß°ßÀº °úÇÐÀÚµéÀ̳ª ¼öÇÐÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ±¸Á¶ ³»¿¡¼­ ´Ù¿îµÊÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Áú¹®µéÀ» ´øÁö°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù(In fact, computation is more abstract and fundamental than figuring out the best way to build a computer. This realization came in the mid-1930s, when Princeton mathematicians Alonzo Church and Alan Turing showed--roughly speaking--that any calculation involving bits and bytes can be done on an idealized computer known as a Turing machine. By showing that all classical computers are essentially alike, this discovery enabled scientists and mathematicians to ask fundamental questions about computation without getting bogged down in the minutiae of computer architecture).

¿¹¸¦ µé¸é À̷а¡µéÀº ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ¿©·¯°¡Áö ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Ä«Å×°í¸®·Î ±¸ºÐÇÑ´Ù. ±× Áß Çϳª°¡ ¹Ù·Î "P"¹®Á¦·Î ÀÌ´Â À̸§ ¸®½ºÆ®¸¦ ¾ËÆÄº£Æ®·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© ó¸®ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½±°Ô Ç® ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ´ÙÀ½ ¹®Á¦ÀÎ "NP"´Â ±×¸® ½¬¿î ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ¿µ¾÷»ç¿øÀÌ ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦·Î ¿©·¯ Áö¿ªÀ» °¡Àå ºü¸£°Ô ´Ù´Ò ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ãִܽ𣠳»ÀÇ ÃִܰŸ® ±æÀ» ã´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ë°í¸®µë ´äÀ» ãÀ¸·Á¸é ¾öû³­ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀÇ ÆÄ¿ì¾î°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ NP ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ¾ÆÁÖ Á¶±×¸¸ ¹öÀüÀ» Ǭ´ÙÇØµµ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÄÄÇ»Åͷδ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù(For example, theorists can now classify computational problems into broad categories. P problems are those, broadly speaking, that can be solved quickly, such as alphabetizing a list of names. NP problems are much tougher to solve but relatively easy to check once you've reached an answer. An example is the traveling salesman problem, finding the shortest possible route through a series of locations. All known algorithms for getting an answer take lots of computing power, and even relatively small versions might be out of reach of any classical computer).

¼öÇÐÀÚµéÀº NP ¹®Á¦µé Áß °¡Àå ¾î·Á¿î ¹®Á¦ Çϳª¸¦ Ç® ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö¸§±æÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é ±× ³ª¸ÓÁö ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ¸ðµÎ Ç® ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ¶ó ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. »ç½Ç NP ¹®Á¦µéÀº ¹Ù·Î P ¹®Á¦µé·Î ±Í°áÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ Áö¸§±æ, Áï P=NP°¡ µÇ´Â ±æÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®½ÇÄ¡ ¾Ê´Ù. °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº Áö¸§±æÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼öÇа迡¼­´Â ¾ÕÀ¸·Î µµÀüÇÒ °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù(Mathematicians have shown that if you could come up with a quick and easy shortcut to solving any one of the hardest type of NP problems, you'd be able to crack them all. In effect, the NP problems would turn into P problems. But it's uncertain whether such a shortcut exists--whether P = NP. Scientists think not, but proving this is one of the great unanswered questions in mathematics).

[±×¸² : CREDIT: JUPITER IMAGES. Ãâó : Science]

* P=NP -> Probablity = number * probability about something specified.
* Ç®±â ½¬¿î Áý´Ü¹®Á¦ ÀüüÁýÇÕÀ» P, Ç®±â ¾î·Á¿î ¹ÌÁ¤´ÙÇ׽ð£Áý´Ü¹®Á¦(nondeterministic polynomial time problem)µéÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀ» NP, P´Â °£´ÜÈ÷ Polynomial Time(´ÙÇ× ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ¸·Î »êÃâµÈ ½Ã°£ ÇÔ¼ö)ÀÇ ¾àÀÚÀ̰í NP´Â Non Polynomial TimeÀÇ ¾àÀÚ·Î º¸¸é µÊ, NP¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¾Ë°í¸®µëÀº ºñ°áÁ¤·ÐÀû ¾Ë°í¸®µë(non-deterministic algorithms)¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ù µÊ

1940³â ´ë¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ Bell LabsÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ Claude ShannonÀº ºñÆ®°¡ ´ÜÁö ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÔÀ» Áõ¸íÇØ º¸¿´´Ù. ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ °´Ã¼¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ °´Ã¼·Î È帣´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â ¹°¸®¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϴµ¥, ÇϳªÀÇ ºñÆ®°¡ ÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Àå¼Ò·Î ¾ó¸¶³ª ºü¸£°Ô À̵¿ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø Åë½Å ä³ÎÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾ÕµÚ·Î À̵¿ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ¸Þ¸ð¸®¿¡¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ºñÆ®¸¦ Áö¿ì´Âµ¥ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹°¸®¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç ÀüÅëÀû ÄÄÇ»ÆÃµéÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌµé ¹°¸®¹ýÄ¢¿¡ µû¸¥´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹®Á¦´Â ¿ì¸® µÎ³úÀÌ´Ù. Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ¿ì¸® µÎ³ú¿¡¼­ ¾ÕµÚ·Î ´Þ¸®°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, À̵é ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀÇ Á¤º¸ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢µé ¶ÇÇÑ µÎ³úÀÇ Á¤º¸Ã³·³ ºñÆ®³ª ¹ÙÀÌÆ®·Î ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ¿ì¸® µÎ³ú´Â Á¤¸» ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀΰ¡? ÀÌ´Â Á¤¸» ÇØ°áµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù(In the 1940s, Bell Labs scientist Claude Shannon showed that bits are not just for computers; they are the fundamental units of describing the information that flows from one object to another. There are physical laws that govern how fast a bit can move from place to place, how much information can be transferred back and forth over a given communications channel, and how much energy it takes to erase a bit from memory. All classical information-processing machines are subject to these laws--and because information seems to be rattling back and forth in our brains, do the laws of information mean that our thoughts are reducible to bits and bytes? Are we merely computers? It's an unsettling thought).

ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿©±â ÀüÅë ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ¶Ù¾î ³Ñ´Â ¿µ¿ªÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°Ô ¹Ù·Î ¾çÀÚ(quantum)ÀÌ´Ù. ¾çÀÚÀÌ·ÐÀÇ È®À² º»ÁúÀº ¿øÀÚ³ª ´Ù¸¥ ¾çÀÚ °´Ã¼µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á¤º¸¸¦ ±×Àú ÀÌÁø¼öÀÎ 0°ú 1ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó µ¿½Ã¿¡ 0°ú 1À» ÀúÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾çÀÚ¸¦ ½ÇÇöÇÏ´Â ¾çÀÚ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â ±âº»À» ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾çÀÚ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ÀüÅë ÄÄÇ»Åͷδ Á¦ÇÑµÈ Äù¸® ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÆÄ¿ì¾îÇÃÇÑ ¾çÀÚ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃ¿¡ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î µµÀüÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù(But there is a realm beyond the classical computer: the quantum. The probabilistic nature of quantum theory allows atoms and other quantum objects to store information that's not restricted to only the binary 0 or 1 of information theory, but can also be 0 and 1 at the same time. Physicists around the world are building rudimentary quantum computers that exploit this and other quantum effects to do things that are provably impossible for ordinary computers, such as finding a target record in a database with too few queries. But scientists are still trying to figure out what quantum-mechanical properties make quantum computers so powerful and to engineer quantum computers big enough to do something useful).

¾çÀÚ ¼¼°èÀÇ ·ÎÁ÷À» ÇнÀÇϰí À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇϸ鼭 °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÇϺÎ-¿øÀÚ¼¼°è(subatomic world)ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢±îÁö ±í°Ô ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ Á¶¸¸°£ ¿µÀÚ ¿µ¿ªÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÀÌÇØ¸¦ µ½´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀÌ ³ª¿À°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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±è ±³¼ö°¡ Ǭ 'P Óß NP'´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¾Ë°í¸®Áò°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ºÐ¾ß·Î ¼öÇÐÀÇ ±Í³³¹ý Ç®ÀÌ´Â °¡´ÉÇϳª ¿¬¿ªÀû Ç®À̵µ °¡´ÉÇѰ¡ ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦À̸ç ÀÌ °¡¿îµ¥ NP º¹Àâµµ´Â Áö³­ 98³â IBM°ú MITÀÇ ¾çÀÚ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Á¤¼öÀÇ ¼ÒÀμöºÐÇØ¸¦ ´ÙÇ×½ÄÀ¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â ¾Ë°í¸®Áò¸¦ °³¹ßÇØ ÇâÈÄ 10~20³â ÇØ´äÀÌ ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇß´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿Ü°è¿¡ »ý¹°Ã¼°¡ Àִ°¡ ȤÀº UFO, ±Í½ÅÀº Á¸ÀçÇϴ°¡ µîÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ '±×·¸´Ù'´Â °¡¼³À» ¼¼¿î µÚ ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ Ȱ¿ë, ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Áõ¸íÀ» ÇØ³½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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±×´Â "Àηù ŵ¿ ÀÌÈÄ ¸¶À½¼ÓÀ¸·Î¸¸ »ý°¢Çß´ø ±âÀÌÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ¹ýÀ» ¼öÇÐÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î Á¤¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¼º°ú"¶ó¸é¼­ "ÀÌ·ÐÀû Áõ¸íÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁ³±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌÁ¦ °úÇбâ¼ú¸¸ º´Çà ¹ßÀüµÈ´Ù¸é »ó´ç¼öÀÇ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¿Í Àǹ®µéÀÌ Ç®¸± ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í"À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. (ÀüÁÖ=¿¬ÇÕ´º½º)

20. Àΰ£Àº ¸é¿ª ¹Ý¿ëÀ» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ³ª?(Can We Selectively Shut Off Immune Responses?)

[¿ä¾à] ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» À¯µµÇÏ¿© Àΰ£ÀÇ Àüü ¸ö ¹æ¾î½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¾àÇÏ°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­ Àå±â À̽ÄÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¿À·¡µ¿¾È ã¾Æ ¿¬±¸ÇؿԴÙ. ±×·¯³ª Áö±Ý±îÁö À̵éÀº ÇѰ迡 ºÎ´ÚÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù(Researchers have long sought ways to induce the immune system to tolerate an organ transplant without blunting the body's entire defenses, but so far, they have had limited success).

Áö³­ ¼ö½Ê³â°£ Àå±â À̽ÄÀº ½ÇÇè ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ »ó¿ëÈ­ Çö½ÇÈ­ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­¸¸ ¸Å³â 20,000 ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÌ ½ÉÀå, °£Àå, ÄáÆÏ À̽ÄÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ½Ä ¼öÇýÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹®Á¦°¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ÀÌ½Ä ¼öÇýÀÚµéÀº ÀÏ»ýµ¿¾È ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¾àÀ» ¸Ô¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ Ä¡·á¹æ¹ýÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿ª½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ º´À» À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº µû¶ó¼­ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» À¯µµÇÏ¿© Àΰ£ ¸öÀÇ Àüü ¹æ¾î ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­ À̽ÄÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¿À·¡ µ¿¾È ã¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇöÀç±îÁö À̵éÀº ÇѰ迡 ºÎ´ÚÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù(In the past few decades, organ transplantation has gone from experimental to routine. In the United States alone, more than 20,000 heart, liver, and kidney transplants are performed every year. But for transplant recipients, one prospect has remained unchanged: a lifetime of taking powerful drugs to suppress the immune system, a treatment that can have serious side effects. Researchers have long sought ways to induce the immune system to tolerate a transplant without blunting the body's entire defenses, but so far, they have had limited success).

À̵éÀº ¸¸¸¸Ä¡ ¾ÊÀº µµÀü¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼³»ç ¸é¿ª ¿ÏÈ­°¡ ÀϾ´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ - Çϱâ¾ß ¸Å¿ì ƯÀÌÇÑ »óȲÀÌÁö¸¸, ¸é¿ª¾ïÁ¦¹°Áú¾àÀ» ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇÑ ÀÌ½Ä ¼öÇýÀÚµéÀÌ ¸é¿ª °ÅºÎ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸ - ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ¸é¿ª ¿ÏÈ­ ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ºÐÀÚ³ª ¼¼Æ÷¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ±× ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ±×¸²À» ±×¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Âµ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Á¶ÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ±â°èÀû ½Ã°è¸¦ Á¶ÀÛÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°¾Æ¼­, ¸¸¾à ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» ¸¸ÁöÀÛ °Å¸®¸é Àüü ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀÌ ¸Á°¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¿ÏÈ­½ÃŰ´Â ¾àÀ» Å×½ºÆÃÇϴµ¥ Ä¿´Ù¶õ Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸é¿ª ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ ¾àÀ» Ãë¼ÒÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç Àå±â ÀÌ½Ä °ÅºÎ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾ó¾î ³ª´Â °æ¿ì ¾î¶² À§Ç輺ÀÌ µû¸£´ÂÁö Á¤È®È÷ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¸¸¾à ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀÌ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÈÆ·Ã½ÃÄÑ À̽ÄÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã¾Æ ³¾ ¼ö¸¸ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÌ Áö½ÄÀº ¼³»ç ¿À´Ã³¯ ¸î¸î Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â ¸é¿ª½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÀÚ±â¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ÀÚ±â¸é¿ªÁúº´±îÁö Ä¡·áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(They face formidable challenges. Although immune tolerance can occur--in rare cases, transplant recipients who stop taking immunosuppressants have not rejected their foreign organs--researchers don't have a clear picture of what is happening at the molecular and cellular levels to allow this to happen. Tinkering with the immune system is also a bit like tinkering with a mechanical watch: Fiddle with one part, and you may disrupt the whole mechanism. And there is a big roadblock to testing drugs designed to induce tolerance: It is hard to know if they work unless immunosuppressant drugs are withdrawn, and that would risk rejection of the transplant. But if researchers can figure out how to train the immune system to tolerate transplants, the knowledge could have implications for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, which also result from unwanted immune attack--in these cases on some of the body's own tissues).

60³â Àü¿¡ ScienceÁö¿¡ º¸°íµÈ ÀÌ·¡ ÀÌ½Ä ¿ÏÈ­ À¯µµ °æÀïÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ¸¶¶óÅæ °æÀïÀ¸·Î À̾îÁ® ¿Ô´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ Madison¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ Univ of Wisconsin ´ëÇÐÀÇ Ray OwenÀº ÇüÁ¦ ½ÖµÕÀÌ ¼Ò(fraternal twin cattle)µéÀº °¡²û ŹÝÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÏ¿©(share a placenta) ¼­·ÎÀÇ ÀûÇ÷±¸(red blood cells)·Î ž´Â À̸¥ ¹Ù È¥ÇÕµÈ »ó»ó(°¡°ø) »óÅ·ΠžÀ» º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ ¼ÒµéÀº ¾Æ¹«·± ¹®Á¦ ¾øÀÌ, Áï ¸é¿ª °ÅºÎ¹ÝÀÀ ¾øÀÌ ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷µéÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀδٴ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. 

¸î ³â ÈÄ¿¡ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Univ of Birmingham ´ëÇÐÀÇ Peter Medawar¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ÀÌµé °¡»ó »óÅÂÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ ½ÖµÕÀÌ ¼ÒµéÀº ¼­·Î¿¡¼­ ÇǺμ¼Æ÷À̽ÄÀ» ¸é¿ª °ÅºÎ¹ÝÀÀ ¾øÀÌ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀδٴ »ç½ÇÀ» º¸°íÇß´Ù. À̵éÀº óÀ½¿¡ OwenÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿Í ¿¬°á½ÃŰÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª ³ªÁß¿¡ ¿¬°á¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ Ç÷ÅëÀÇ Áã·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶¼¾î³½ Á¶Á÷À» À̽ÄÇÑ ÅÂ¾Æ Á㸦 Àڱÿ¡ À̽ÄÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â ½ÇÇèÀº ¸¹Àº Àå±âÀ̽İú ÀÚ±â¸é¿ªº´ÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ Áö´ëÇÑ °øÇåÀ» Çß´Ù.

Á㸦 ½ÇÇèÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸¹Àº ¸é¿ªÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¸é¿ª¿ÏÈ­ µÚ¿¡ ¼û¾îÀÖ´Â ¸¹Àº ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ¹àÇô³Â´Ù. ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ½º½º·Î °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷µéÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â Á¶Àý¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ±ÞÆÄÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÇØ·Î¿î ¸é¿ª¼¼Æ÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÚ»ìÇϵµ·Ï À¯µµÇϰųª ¼ÒÀ§ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¸é¿ª°áÇÌ(anergy)À̶ó´Â ±â´É ¸¶ºñ(dysfunctional stupor) »óŰ¡ µÇµµ·Ï À¯µµÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù. ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº Áö±Ý ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºµéÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ(genes), ¼ö¿ëü(receptors), ¼¼Æ÷¿Í ¼¼Æ÷°£ÀÇ Åë½Å ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¾Ë°ÔµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Immunologists, many of them working with mice, have since spelled out several detailed mechanisms behind tolerance. The immune system can, for example, dispatch "regulatory" cells that suppress immune attacks against self. Or the system can force harmful immune cells to commit suicide or to go into a dysfunctional stupor called anergy. Researchers indeed now know fine details about the genes, receptors, and cell-to-cell communications that drive these processes).


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1) °¡»ó»óŸ¦ ¸¸µé¾î MedawarÀÇ ½ÇÇèÀ» ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±âÁõÀÚÀÇ °ñ¼ö¼¼Æ÷¸¦ À̽ÄÇϰí Àִµ¥, À̵éÀº ÀÌ½Ä ¼öÇýÀÚÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¸é¿ª °ÅºÎ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï °¡¸£Ä¡´Â(À¯µµÇÏ´Â) ±âÁõÀÚÀÇ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±âÁõÀÚÀÇ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷µéÀº °á±¹ ÀÌ½ÄµÈ Àå±â¿Í °°ÀÌ »ì¾Æ °¡¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌµé ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷µéÀÌ ¸é¿ª¿ÏÈ­ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Èñ¸ÁÀÌ´Ù(One builds on Medawar's experiments by trying to exploit chimerism. Researchers infuse the patient with the organ donor's bone marrow in hopes that the donor's immune cells will teach the host to tolerate the transplant; donor immune cells that come along with the transplanted organ also, some contend, can teach tolerance).

2) µÎ ¹øÂ° Àü·«Àº ÀÌ½ÄµÈ Á¶Á÷À̳ª Àå±â¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼öÇýÀÚÀÇ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¿ÜºÎ Ç׿øÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÒ ¶§, ¾àÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© T-¼¼Æ÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¸é¿ª°áÇÌ»óÅÂ(anergic)³ª ÀÚ»ìÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(A second strategy uses drugs to train T cells to become anergic or commit suicide when they see the foreign antigens on the transplanted tissue).

3) ¼¼ ¹øÂ° Àü·«Àº T-Á¶Àý¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¹ßÇöÀ» À¯µµÇÏ¿© À̵é·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ƯÁ¤ ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î Àڱ⺹Á¦µÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̰í, ¸é¿ª ¿ÀÄɽºÆ®¶ó¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ÁöÈÖÇÏ´Â ¸é¿ª Á¶Àý ¹°ÁúÀÎ »çÀÌÅäÄ«ÀÎÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¹°ÁúÀÇ ºñ¹ÐÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© °ÅºÎ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù(The third approach turns up production of T regulatory cells, which prevent specific immune cells from copying themselves and can also suppress rejection by secreting biochemicals called cytokines that direct the immune orchestra to change its tune).

ÀÌ ¸ðµç Àü·«µéÀº ÇÏÁö¸¸ »ó½ÄÀûÀÎ ÇϳªÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾È°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü·«Àû Á¢±ÙµéÀÌ ¼º°øÇÏ´ÂÁö ½ÇÆÐÇÏ´ÂÁö ÆÇ´ÜÇϱⰡ ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÀÌ½Ä ½Ã °ÅºÎ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ½Åºù¼º ÀÖ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿À¸¶Ä¿(biomarkers)µéÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Áö±Ý±îÁö ¸é¿ª ¿ÏÈ­¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾à¹° Åõ¿©¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÏ´Â °Í ¹Û¿¡´Â ¾ø´Ù. ¾à¹°À» Áß´ÜÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ȯÀÚµéÀÌ Á¤¸» °ÅºÎ¹ÝÀÀÀÇ À§Çè¿¡ óÇÏ°Ô µÇ´ÂÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î À±¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ µîÀåÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥, ¸é¿ª¾ïÁ¦¾à¹° Ä¡·á¹ý°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¸é¿ª¿ÏÈ­ÀÛ¿ëÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¾àµéÀ» »çÀü¿¡ Å×½ºÆ®ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °á±¹ ¾à¹° È¿°ú¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ÃøÁ¤ÇØ¾ß Çϴµ¥, ¾à¹°À» Åõ¿©ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Àüü ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ÁߴܵǸé ÀÌ´Â ¾öû³­ ´Ù¸¥ º´µéÀ» À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(All these strategies face a common problem: It is maddeningly difficult to judge whether the approach has failed or succeeded because there are no reliable "biomarkers" that indicate whether a person has become tolerant to a transplant. So the only way to assess tolerance is to stop drug treatment, which puts the patient at risk of rejecting the organ. Similarly, ethical concerns often require researchers to test drugs aimed at inducing tolerance in concert with immunosuppressive therapy. This, in turn, can undermine the drugs' effectiveness because they need a fully functioning immune system to do their job).

¸¸¾à ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¸é¿ª°ÅºÎ¹ÝÀÀÀÇ ¿ÏÈ­ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾î »ó¿ëÈ­µÇ¸é ¼ö½Ê ¼ö¹é¸¸ ¸íÀÇ È¯ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ½Ä Ä¡·á¹ýÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¾Æ¿ï·¯ ÀÚ±â¸é¿ªÁúº´±îÁö ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ³¯ÀÌ ¿À°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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[Science-Introduction to special issue. What Don't We Know?(01/Jul/2005)]
[Science - In a special collection of articles published beginning 1 July 2005, Science Magazine and its online companion sites celebrate the journal's 125th anniversary with a look forward -- at the most compelling puzzles and questions facing scientists today(01/Jul/2005)]
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